Patterning of metal-organic framework: From methodology to application

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are versatile materials with tunable pore structures, high surface areas, and diverse chemical functionalities, making them ideal for applications in catalysis, sensing, gas separation, and drug delivery. However, their bulk or powdered forms often limit performance due to poor dispersion and low functional integration. This challenge has driven the rapid development of MOF patterning techniques. This review explores various patterning methods, including template-induced growth method, printing techniques, conventional lithography and emerging direct photolithographic strategies, highlighting their principles, advantages, and limitations. We also discuss the broad applications of MOF patterning in energy devices, biosensors, and biomedical fields, emphasizing its potential in advancing performance. In addition, we address the challenge of balancing the quality of patterning resolution with the performance of MOF materials. By offering insights into both methodologies and applications, this review provides valuable guidance for researchers, fostering innovation in MOF-based multifunctional devices across diverse scientific fields.