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Research Article | Open Access

Self-powered flexible persistent displays for trajectory recognition

Junlu Sun1,§ , Qiya Tao1,§, Qilin Hua3 , Wei Zhang1, Juan Liao1, Chuntai Liu4 , Caofeng Pan2 ( ), Chong-Xin Shan1 , Lin Dong1 ( )
Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, and School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
Institute of Atomic Manufacturing, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China

§ Junlu Sun and Qiya Tao contributed equally to this work.

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Abstract

Self-powered display systems that integrate alternating current electroluminescence (ACEL) devices with triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have shown great promise in human-machine interaction, smart displays, and security communications within the Internet of Things (IoT). However, their development has been significantly limited by undesirable flickering, which arises from the pulsed output characteristics of TENGs. Here, high-performance persistent phosphors ((Ca0.25Sr0.75)S:Eu) are incorporated into the ZnS:Cu-based ACEL devices to overcome this limitation, achieving an extended afterglow lifetime of 81 s and a sustained red emission lasting over 200 s. By integrating with TENGs, a self-powered persistent display system is realized that maintains bright red-emission for over 15 s. The varying afterglow intensities post power-off can distinguish directional movement (forward or backward), enabling motion trajectory recording and recognition, as demonstrated using floor-mounted TENGs to drive persistent display arrays. This strategy offers a new pathway for advanced self-powered display systems and broadens their application potential in the IoT landscape.

Graphical Abstract

The persistent alternating current electroluminescence (ACEL) devices with an ultralong afterglow lifetime exceeding 80 s are prepared by introducing persistent phosphors. Integrated with triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), self-powered orientation identification and trajectory recognition systems are developed, which can accurately record and identify movement processes. This work facilitates the self-powered persistent displays as dynamic information storages and retrievals in the Internet of Things (IoT).

Keywords

self-poweredpersistent displaystrajectory recognitionalternating current electroluminescence (ACEL)

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Nano Research
Volume 18 Issue 11,
November 2025
Article number: 94907951
DOI: 10.26599/NR.2025.94907951

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Cite this article:
Sun J, Tao Q, Hua Q, et al. Self-powered flexible persistent displays for trajectory recognition. Nano Research, 2025, 18(11): 94907951. https://doi.org/10.26599/NR.2025.94907951
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Light emission Nanogenerators

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Received: 24 June 2025
Revised: 10 August 2025
Accepted: 19 August 2025
Published: 22 October 2025
© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Tsinghua University Press.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).