Applications of gas-driven micro/nanomotors in biomedicine

Micro/nanomotors (MNMs) have recently emerged as highly promising drug delivery vehicles, showing great potential for biomedical applications. MNMs are typically classified based on their driving mechanisms, and one notable category is gas-driven MNMs, which are self-propelled at the micro/nano scale by gases generated through chemical reactions. These motors can effectively overcome various physiological barriers by utilizing unique physiological actions and driving forces in vivo, gas-driven MNMs offer significant advantages in treating diseases such as tumors and thrombosis. This review first explores the underlying mechanisms of gas-driven MNMs, then discusses their recent applications in overcoming physiological barriers. Finally, it analyses their future prospects and advantages, aiming to inspire further research and accelerate clinical translation in the biomedical field.