Rational design strategies of catalysts for interfacial microenvironment modification in electrochemical water splitting

Electrochemical water splitting is a surface-sensitive process, in which the performance of the catalyst is highly dependent upon its surface properties. Rational design of the interfacial microenvironment of electrocatalysts can substantially enhance the efficiency of water splitting. This review briefly summarizes the advances in the design strategies in catalyst for the modification of interfacial microenvironment from three perspectives: the construction of special structures, modification by cationic and anionic doping, and functionalization with organic molecules. These strategies effectively regulate the electronic structure of electrocatalysts, optimize the binding energy of reaction intermediates, and improve the local microenvironment surrounding the active sites. Moreover, they facilitate the rapid transfer of reactants and products while enhancing the stability and durability of the catalysts. Finally, this review discusses the key challenges currently faced in this field and proposes corresponding solutions, providing references for future research directions.