Microneedle electrodes for collecting bioelectrical signals: From a materials science perspective

Fu, Y. L.; Zhao, J. J.; Dong, Y.; Wang, X. H. Dry electrodes for human bioelectrical signal monitoring. Sensors 2020, 20, 3651.

Hardenacke, K.; Shubina, E.; Bührle, C. P.; Zapf, A.; Lenartz, D.; Klosterkötter, J.; Visser-Vandewalle, V.; Kuhn, J. Deep brain stimulation as a tool for improving cognitive functioning in Alzheimer’s dementia: A systematic review. Front. Psychiatry 2013, 4, 159.

Vance, C. G. T.; Dailey, D. L.; Rakel, B. A.; Sluka, K. A. Using TENS for pain control: The state of the evidence. Pain Manag. 2014, 4, 197–209.

Wang, J. J.; Wang, T. J.; Liu, H. Y.; Wang, K.; Moses, K.; Feng, Z. Y.; Li, P.; Huang, W. Flexible electrodes for brain-computer interface system. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2211012.

Ma, Y. X.; Gong, A. M.; Nan, W. Y.; Ding, P.; Wang, F.; Fu, Y. F. Personalized brain-computer interface and its applications. J. Pers. Med. 2023, 13, 46.

Hong, Y. J.; Jeong, H.; Cho, K. W.; Lu, N. S.; Kim, D. H. Wearable and implantable devices for cardiovascular healthcare: From monitoring to therapy based on flexible and stretchable electronics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1808247.

Mirvis, D. M.; Goldberger, A. L. Electrocardiography. Heart Dis. 2001, 1, 82–128.

Song, M. Y.; Kim, U. S. Current usage of electrophysiological tests in a secondary referral hospital in Korea. Doc. Ophthalmol. 2022, 145, 127–131.

Zhang, B. L.; Xie, R. J.; Jiang, J. M.; Hao, S. P.; Fang, B.; Zhang, J. X.; Bai, H.; Peng, B.; Li, L.; Liu, Z. Y. et al. Implantable neural electrodes: From preparation optimization to application. J. Mater. Chem. C 2023, 11, 6550–6572.

Huang, Z. B.; Zhou, Z. N.; Zeng, J. S.; Lin, S.; Wu, H. Flexible electrodes for non-invasive brain-computer interfaces: A perspective. APL Mater. 2022, 10, 090901.

Parvizi, J.; Kastner, S. Promises and limitations of human intracranial electroencephalography. Nat. Neurosci. 2018, 21, 474–483.

Wang, S.; Zhao, M. M.; Yan, Y. B.; Li, P.; Huang, W. Flexible monitoring, diagnosis, and therapy by microneedles with versatile materials and devices toward multifunction scope. Research 2023, 6, 0128.

Kim, T.; Park, J.; Sohn, J.; Cho, D.; Jeon, S. Bioinspired, highly stretchable, and conductive dry adhesives based on 1D-2D hybrid carbon nanocomposites for all-in-one ECG Electrodes. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 4770–4778.

Pan, K. G.; Hagiwara, T.; Tso, K. C.; Siwadamrongpong, R.; Akbar, L.; Nakano, Y.; Kono, T.; Terasawa, Y.; Haruta, M.; Takehara, H. A flexible retinal device with CMOS smart electrodes fabricated on parylene C thin-film and bioceramic substrate. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2023, 62, SC1022.

Nigusse, A. B.; Malengier, B.; Mengistie, D. A.; Tseghai, G. B.; Van Langenhove, L. Development of washable silver printed textile electrodes for long-term ECG monitoring. Sensors 2020, 20, 6233.

Ferrari, L. M.; Ismailov, U.; Badier, J. M.; Greco, F.; Ismailova, E. Conducting polymer tattoo electrodes in clinical electro- and magneto-encephalography. NPJ Flex. Electron. 2020, 4, 4.

Baek, H. J.; Lee, H. J.; Lim, Y. G.; Park, K. S. Conductive polymer foam surface improves the performance of a capacitive EEG electrode. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 2012, 59, 3422–3431.

Li, L. J.; Li, G. L.; Cao, Y. L.; Duan, Y. Y. A novel highly durable carbon/silver/silver chloride composite electrode for high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 1962.

Rossetti, N.; Hagler, J.; Kateb, P.; Cicoira, F. Neural and electromyography PEDOT electrodes for invasive stimulation and recording. J. Mater. Chem. C 2021, 9, 7243–7263.

Chatterjee, S.; Sakorikar, T.; Bs, A.; Joshi, R. K.; Sikaria, A.; Jayachandra, M.; V, V.; Pandya, H. J. A flexible implantable microelectrode array for recording electrocorticography signals from rodents. Biomed. Microdevices 2022, 24, 31.

Chen, S. T.; Chu, C. Y. Fabrication and testing of a novel biopotential electrode array. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2017, 250, 345–356.

Ruffini, G.; Dunne, S.; Fuentemilla, L.; Grau, C.; Farrés, E.; Marco-Pallarés, J.; Watts, P. C. P.; Silva, S. R. P. First human trials of a dry electrophysiology sensor using a carbon nanotube array interface. Sens. Actuators A: Phys. 2008, 144, 275–279.

Niu, X.; Gao, X. H.; Liu, Y. F.; Liu, H. Surface bioelectric dry Electrodes: A review. Measurement 2021, 183, 109774.

Luo, Y. F.; Li, W. L.; Lin, Q. Y.; Zhang, F. L.; He, K.; Yang, D. P.; Loh, X. J.; Chen, X. D. A morphable ionic electrode based on thermogel for non-invasive hairy plant electrophysiology. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2007848.

Won, S. M.; Song, E. M.; Zhao, J. N.; Li, J. H.; Rivnay, J.; Rogers, J. A. Recent advances in materials, devices, and systems for neural interfaces. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1800534.

Niu, X.; Gao, X. H.; Wang, T. Y.; Wang, W.; Liu, H. Ordered nanopillar arrays of low dynamic noise dry bioelectrodes for electrocardiogram surface monitoring. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 33861–33870.

Fang, Y.; Prominski, A.; Rotenberg, M. Y.; Meng, L. Y.; Acarón Ledesma, H.; Lv, Y. Y.; Yue, J. P.; Schaumann, E.; Jeong, J.; Yamamoto, N. et al. Micelle-enabled self-assembly of porous and monolithic carbon membranes for bioelectronic interfaces. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2021, 16, 206–213.

Park, T.; Jeong, J.; Kim, Y. J.; Yoo, H. Weak molecular interactions in organic composite dry film lead to degradable, robust wireless electrophysiological signal sensing. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 9, 2200594.

Spanu, A.; Taki, M.; Baldazzi, G.; Mascia, A.; Cosseddu, P.; Pani, D.; Bonfiglio, A. Epidermal electrodes with ferrimagnetic/conductive properties for biopotential recordings. Bioengineering 2022, 9, 205.

Acar, G.; Ozturk, O.; Golparvar, A. J.; Elboshra, T. A.; Böhringer, K.; Yapici, M. K. Wearable and flexible textile electrodes for biopotential signal monitoring: A review. Electronics 2019, 8, 479.

Nigusse, A. B.; Mengistie, D. A.; Malengier, B.; Tseghai, G. B.; van Langenhove, L. Wearable smart textiles for long-term electrocardiography monitoring-A review. Sensors 2021, 21, 4174.

Barrera, C. S.; Pina-Martinez, E.; Roberts, R.; Rodriguez-Leal, E. Impact of size and shape for textile surface electromyography electrodes: A study of the biceps brachii muscle. Text. Res. J. 2022, 92, 3097–3110.

Xu, X. W.; Luo, M.; He, P.; Yang, J. L. Washable and flexible screen printed graphene electrode on textiles for wearable healthcare monitoring. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2020, 53, 125402.

Kubicek, J.; Fiedorova, K.; Vilimek, D.; Cerny, M.; Penhaker, M.; Janura, M.; Rosicky, J. Recent trends, construction, and applications of smart textiles and clothing for monitoring of health activity: A comprehensive multidisciplinary review. IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2022, 15, 36–60.

Xu, X. W.; Luo, M.; He, P.; Guo, X. J.; Yang, J. L. Screen printed graphene electrodes on textile for wearable electrocardiogram monitoring. Appl. Phys. A 2019, 125, 714.

Bihar, E.; Roberts, T.; Ismailova, E.; Saadaoui, M.; Isik, M.; Sanchez-Sanchez, A.; Mecerreyes, D.; Hervé, T.; De Graaf, J. B.; Malliaras, G. G. Fully printed electrodes on stretchable textiles for long-term electrophysiology. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2017, 2, 1600251.

Su, P. C.; Hsueh, Y. H.; Ke, M. T.; Chen, J. J.; Lai, P. C. Noncontact ECG monitoring by capacitive coupling of textiles in a chair. J. Healthc. Eng. 2021, 2021, 6698567.

Sun, Y.; Yu, X. B. Capacitive biopotential measurement for electrophysiological signal acquisition: A review. IEEE Sens. J. 2016, 16, 2832–2853.

Umar, A. H.; Othman, M. A.; Harun, F. K. C.; Yusof, Y. Dielectrics for non-contact ECG bioelectrodes: A review. IEEE Sens. J. 2021, 21, 18353–18367.

Shay, T.; Velev, O. D.; Dickey, M. D. Soft electrodes combining hydrogel and liquid metal. Soft Matter. 2018, 14, 3296–3303.

Wang, L. F.; Liu, J. Q.; Peng, H. L.; Yang, B.; Zhu, H. Y.; Yang, C. S. MEMS-based flexible capacitive electrode for ECG measurement. Electron. Lett. 2013, 49, 739–740.

Inácio, P. M. C.; Mestre, A. L. G.; De Medeiros, M. D. C. R.; Asgarifar, S.; Elamine, Y.; Canudo, J.; Santos, J. M. A.; Bragança, J.; Morgado, J.; Biscarini, F. et al. Bioelectrical signal detection using conducting polymer electrodes and the displacement current method. IEEE Sens. J. 2017, 17, 3961–3966.

Ueno, A.; Yamaguchi, T.; Iida, T.; Fukuoka, Y.; Uchikawa, Y.; Noshiro, M. Feasibility of capacitive sensing of surface electromyographic potential through cloth. Sens. Mater. 2012, 24, 335–346.

Wang, T. W.; Zhang, H.; Lin, S. F. Influence of capacitive coupling on high-fidelity non-contact ecg measurement. IEEE Sens. J. 2020, 20, 9265–9273.

Chen, C. C.; Chen, C. W.; Hsieh, C. W. Noise-resistant CECG using novel capacitive electrodes. Sensors 2020, 20, 2577.

Ullah, H.; Wahab, A.; Will, G.; Karim, M. R.; Pan, T. S.; Gao, M.; Lai, D. K.; Lin, Y.; Miraz, M. H. Recent advances in stretchable and wearable capacitive electrophysiological sensors for long-term health monitoring. Biosensors 2022, 12, 630.

Liu, H.; Chen, X. D.; Wang, Z. H.; Liu, Y.; Liang, C. Y.; Zhu, M.; Qi, D. P. Development of soft dry electrodes: From materials to structure design. Soft Sci. 2023, 3, 27.

Yang, L. T.; Liu, Q.; Zhang, Z. L.; Gan, L.; Zhang, Y.; Wu, J. L. Materials for dry electrodes for the electroencephalography: Advances, challenges, perspectives. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2022, 7, 2100612.

Lopez-Gordo, M. A.; Sanchez-Morillo, D.; Valle, F. P. Dry EEG electrodes. Sensors 2014, 14, 12847–12870.

Teplan, M. Fundamentals of EEG measurement. Meas. Sci. Rev. 2002, 2, 1–11.

Gargiulo, G.; Calvo, R. A.; Bifulco, P.; Cesarelli, M.; Jin, C.; Mohamed, A.; Van Schaik, A. A new EEG recording system for passive dry electrodes. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2010, 121, 686–693.

Yan, D. X.; Jiman, A. A.; Bottorff, E. C.; Patel, P. R.; Meli, D.; Welle, E. J.; Ratze, D. C.; Havton, L. A.; Chestek, C. A.; Kemp, S. W. P. et al. Ultraflexible and stretchable intrafascicular peripheral nerve recording device with axon-dimension, cuff-less microneedle electrode array. Small 2022, 18, 2200311.

Yu, K. J.; Kuzum, D.; Hwang, S. W.; Kim, B. H.; Juul, H.; Kim, N. H.; Won, S. M.; Chiang, K.; Trumpis, M.; Richardson, A. G. et al. Bioresorbable silicon electronics for transient spatiotemporal mapping of electrical activity from the cerebral cortex. Nat. Mater. 2016, 15, 782–791.

Xi, Y.; Ji, B. W.; Guo, Z. J.; Li, W.; Liu, J. Q. Fabrication and characterization of micro-nano electrodes for implantable BCI. Micromachines 2019, 10, 242.

Nam, D.; Cha, J. M.; Park, K. Next-generation wearable biosensors developed with flexible bio-chips. Micromachines 2021, 12, 64.

Liu, Q.; Yang, L. T.; Zhang, Z. L.; Yang, H.; Zhang, Y.; Wu, J. L. The feature, performance, and prospect of advanced electrodes for electroencephalogram. Biosensors 2023, 13, 101.

Ren, L.; Liu, B.; Zhou, W.; Jiang, L. L. A mini review of microneedle array electrode for bio-signal recording: A review. IEEE Sens. J. 2020, 20, 577–590.

Rad, Z. F.; Prewett, P. D.; Davies, G. J. An overview of microneedle applications, materials, and fabrication methods. Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1034–1046.

Yang, J. B.; Zhang, H. X.; Hu, T. L.; Xu, C. J.; Jiang, L. L.; Shrike Zhang, Y.; Xie, M. B. Recent advances of microneedles used towards stimuli-responsive drug delivery, disease theranostics, and bioinspired applications. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 426, 130561.

Qin, J.; Yin, L. J.; Hao, Y. N.; Zhong, S. L.; Zhang, D. L.; Bi, K.; Zhang, Y. X.; Zhao, Y.; Dang, Z. M. Flexible and stretchable capacitive sensors with different microstructures. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2008267.

Vora, L. K.; Sabri, A. H.; McKenna, P. E.; Himawan, A.; Hutton, A. R. J.; Detamornrat, U.; Paredes, A. J.; Larrañeta, E.; Donnelly, R. F. Microneedle-based biosensing. Nat. Rev. Bioeng. 2024, 2, 64–81.

Miller, P. R.; Skoog, S. A.; Edwards, T. L.; Wheeler, D. R.; Xiao, X. Y.; Brozik, S. M.; Polsky, R.; Narayan, R. J. Hollow microneedle-based sensor for multiplexed transdermal electrochemical sensing. J. Vis. Exp. 2012, 64, e4067.

Miller, P. R.; Xiao, X. Y.; Brener, I.; Burckel, D. B.; Narayan, R.; Polsky, R. Microneedle-based transdermal sensor for on-chip potentiometric determination of K⁺. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2014, 3, 876–881.

Goud, K. Y.; Moonla, C.; Mishra, R. K.; Yu, C. M.; Narayan, R.; Litvan, I.; Wang, J. Wearable electrochemical microneedle sensor for continuous monitoring of levodopa: Toward parkinson management. ACS Sens. 2019, 4, 2196–2204.

Chu, H. Q.; Zhang, Y. Y.; Yang, Y.; Xue, J. T.; Li, C.; Zhang, W.; Li, Z.; Zheng, H. Flurbiprofen microneedle patches for the management of acute postoperative pain. Nano Res. 2024, 17, 7493–7503.

Yang, Y.; Chu, H. Q.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, L. L.; Luo, R. Z.; Zheng, H.; Yin, T. L.; Li, Z. Rapidly separable bubble microneedle patch for effective local anesthesia. Nano Res. 2022, 15, 8336–8344.

Chu, H. Q.; Xue, J. T.; Yang, Y.; Zheng, H.; Luo, D.; Li, Z. Advances of smart stimulus-responsive microneedles in cancer treatment. Small Methods 2024, 8, 2301455.

Berger, H. Über das elektrenkephalogramm des menschen. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 1934, 60, 1947–1949.

Griss, P.; Enoksson, P.; Tolvanen-Laakso, H. K.; Merilainen, P.; Ollmar, S.; Stemme, G. Micromachined electrodes for biopotential measurements. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 2001, 10, 10–16.

Charvet, G.; Rousseau, L.; Billoint, O.; Gharbi, S.; Rostaing, J. P.; Joucla, S.; Trevisiol, M.; Bourgerette, A.; Chauvet, P.; Moulin, C. et al. BioMEA™: A versatile high-density 3D microelectrode array system using integrated electronics. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2010, 25, 1889–1896.

Xiang, Z. L.; Liu, J. Q.; Lee, C. A flexible three-dimensional electrode mesh: An enabling technology for wireless brain-computer interface prostheses. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 2016, 2, 16012.

Luo, X. J.; Yu, Q.; Yang, L.; Cui, Y. Wearable, sensing-controlled, ultrasound-based microneedle smart system for diabetes management. ACS Sens. 2023, 8, 1710–1722.

Griss, P.; Tolvanen-Laakso, H. K.; Merilainen, P.; Stemme, G. Characterization of micromachined spiked biopotential electrodes. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 2002, 49, 597–604.

Lu, H. H.; Shao, W. Y.; Gao, B. B.; Zheng, S. Y.; He, B. F. Intestine-inspired wrinkled MXene microneedle dressings for smart wound management. Acta Biomater. 2023, 159, 201–210.

Sun, L. Y.; Fan, L.; Bian, F. K.; Chen, G. P.; Wang, Y. T.; Zhao, Y. J. MXene-integrated microneedle patches with innate molecule encapsulation for wound healing. Research 2021, 2021, 9838490.

Shao, Y.; Dong, K. Y.; Lu, X. Y.; Gao, B. B.; He, B. F. Bioinspired 3D-printed mxene and spidroin-based near-infrared light-responsive microneedle scaffolds for efficient wound management. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 56525–56534.

Guo, M. Z.; Wang, Y. Q.; Gao, B. B.; He, B. F. Shark tooth-inspired microneedle dressing for intelligent wound management. ACS Nano 2021, 15, 15316–15327.

Wang, Y. Q.; Gao, B. B.; He, B. F. Toward efficient wound management: Bioinspired microfluidic and microneedle patch. Small 2023, 19, 2206270.

Miller, P.; Moorman, M.; Manginell, R.; Ashlee, C.; Brener, I.; Wheeler, D.; Narayan, R.; Polsky, R. Towards an integrated microneedle total analysis chip for protein detection. Electroanalysis 2016, 28, 1305–1310.

Gao, J.; Huang, W. Z.; Chen, Z. P.; Yi, C. Q.; Jiang, L. L. Simultaneous detection of glucose, uric acid and cholesterol using flexible microneedle electrode array-based biosensor and multi-channel portable electrochemical analyzer. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2019, 287, 102–110.

Rezali, F. A. M.; Soin, N.; Hatta, S. F. W. M.; Daut, M. H. M.; Nouxman, M. H. A. H.; Hussin, H. Design strategies and prospects in developing wearable glucose monitoring system using printable organic transistor and microneedle: A review. IEEE Sens. J. 2022, 22, 13785–13799.

Dervisevic, M.; Alba, M.; Yan, L.; Senel, M.; Gengenbach, T. R.; Prieto-Simon, B.; Voelcker, N. H. Transdermal electrochemical monitoring of glucose via high-density silicon microneedle array patch. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2009850 .

Wu, D.; Shou, X.; Yu, Y. R.; Wang, X. C.; Chen, G. P.; Zhao, Y. J.; Sun, L. Y. Biologics-loaded photothermally dissolvable hyaluronic acid microneedle patch for psoriasis treatment. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2205847.

Feng, X. Q.; Xian, D. Y.; Fu, J. T.; Luo, R.; Wang, W. H.; Zheng, Y. W.; He, Q.; Ouyang, Z.; Fang, S. B.; Zhang, W. C. et al. Four-armed host-defense peptidomimetics-augmented vanadium carbide MXene-based microneedle array for efficient photo-excited bacteria-killing. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 456, 141121.

Lin, S. Y.; Lin, H.; Yang, M.; Ge, M.; Chen, Y.; Zhu, Y. F. A two-dimensional MXene potentiates a therapeutic microneedle patch for photonic implantable medicine in the second NIR biowindow. Nanoscale 2020, 12, 10265–10276.

Huang, S.; He, M. Y.; Yao, C. J.; Huang, X. S.; Ma, D. Y.; Huang, Q. Q.; Yang, J. B.; Liu, F. M.; Wen, X. Q.; Wang, J. et al. Petromyzontidae-biomimetic multimodal microneedles-integrated bioelectronic catheters for theranostic endoscopic surgery. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2214485.

Shi, Z. Y.; Jiang, B.; Liang, S. C.; Zhang, J. T.; Suo, D. J.; Wu, J. L.; Chen, D. D.; Pei, G. Y.; Yan, T. Y. Claw-shaped flexible and low-impedance conductive polymer electrodes for EEG recordings: Anemone dry electrode. Sci. China Technol. Sci. 2023, 66, 255–266.

Lee, S. H.; Thunemann, M.; Lee, K.; Cleary, D. R.; Tonsfeldt, K. J.; Oh, H.; Azzazy, F.; Tchoe, Y.; Bourhis, A. M.; Hossain, L. et al. Scalable thousand channel penetrating microneedle arrays on flex for multimodal and large area coverage brainmachine interfaces. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2112045.

Ibayashi, K.; Kunii, N.; Matsuo, T.; Ishishita, Y.; Shimada, S.; Kawai, K.; Saito, N. Decoding speech with integrated hybrid signals recorded from the human ventral motor cortex. Front. Neurosci. 2018, 12, 221.

Zhang, X. X.; Lu, M. H.; Cao, X. Y.; Zhao, Y. J. Functional microneedles for wearable electronics. Smart Med. 2023, 2, e20220023.

Kil, H. J.; Kim, S. R.; Park, J. W. A self-charging supercapacitor for a patch-type glucose sensor. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 3838–3848.

Ke, K. H.; Chung, C. K. High-performance Al/PDMS TENG with novel complex morphology of two-height microneedles array for high-sensitivity force-sensor and self-powered application. Small 2020, 16, 2001209.

Mahmood, M.; Kwon, S.; Kim, H.; Kim, Y. S.; Siriaraya, P.; Choi, J.; Otkhmezuri, B.; Kang, K.; Yu, K. J.; Jang, Y. C. et al. Wireless soft scalp electronics and virtual reality system for motor imagery-based brain-machine interfaces. Adv. Sci. 2021, 8, 2101129.

Kim, M.; Gu, G. Y.; Cha, K. J.; Kim, D. S.; Chung, W. K. Wireless sEMG system with a microneedle-based high-density electrode array on a flexible substrate. Sensors 2017, 18, 92.

Kim, Y. J.; Chinnadayyala, S. R.; Le, H. T. N.; Cho, S. Sensitive electrochemical non-enzymatic detection of glucose based on wireless data transmission. Sensors 2022, 22, 2787.

Liu, Y. Q.; Yu, Q.; Ye, L.; Yang, L.; Cui, Y. A wearable, minimally-invasive, fully electrochemically-controlled feedback minisystem for diabetes management. Lab Chip 2023, 23, 421–436.

Wang, R. X.; Zhao, W.; Wang, W.; Li, Z. H. A flexible microneedle electrode array with solid silicon needles. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 2012, 21, 1084–1089.

Stavrinidis, G.; Michelakis, K.; Kontomitrou, V.; Giannakakis, G.; Sevrisarianos, M.; Sevrisarianos, G.; Chaniotakis, N.; Alifragis, Y.; Konstantinidis, G. SU-8 microneedles based dry electrodes for electroencephalogram. Microelectron. Eng. 2016, 159, 114–120.

Nishinaka, Y.; Jun, R.; Prihandana, G. S.; Miki, N. Fabrication of polymer microneedle electrodes coated with nanoporous parylene. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2013, 52, 06GL10.

Omatsu, T.; Chujo, K.; Miyamoto, K.; Okida, M.; Nakamura, K.; Aoki, N.; Morita, R. Metal microneedle fabrication using twisted light with spin. Opt. Express 2010, 18, 17967–17973.

Yu, L. M.; Tay, F. E. H.; Guo, D. G.; Xu, L.; Yap, K. L. A microfabricated electrode with hollow microneedles for ECG measurement. Sens. Actuators A phys. 2009, 151, 17–22.

Rodriguez, A.; Molinero, D.; Valera, E.; Trifonov, T.; Marsal, L. F.; Pallarès, J.; Alcubilla, R. Fabrication of silicon oxide microneedles from macroporous silicon. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2005, 109, 135–140.

Zhou, H. B.; Li, G.; Sun, X. N.; Zhu, Z. H.; Xu, B. J.; Jin, Q. H.; Zhao, J. L.; Ren, Q. S. A new process for fabricating tip-shaped polymer microstructure array with patterned metallic coatings. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2009, 150, 296–301.

Dabbagh, S. R.; Sarabi, M. R.; Rahbarghazi, R.; Sokullu, E.; Yetisen, A. K.; Tasoglu, S. 3D-printed microneedles in biomedical applications. iScience 2021, 24, 102012.

Wang, R. X.; Wang, W.; Li, Z. H. An improved manufacturing approach for discrete silicon microneedle arrays with tunable height-pitch ratio. Sensors 2016, 16, 1628.

Kudo, Y.; Arai, M.; Miki, N. Fatigue assessment by electroencephalogram measured with candle-like dry microneedle electrodes. Micro Nano Lett. 2017, 12, 545–549.

Ren, L.; Jiang, Q.; Chen, K. Y.; Chen, Z. P.; Pan, C. F.; Jiang, L. L. Fabrication of a micro-needle array electrode by thermal drawing for bio-signals monitoring. Sensors 2016, 16, 908.

Han, D.; Morde, R. S.; Mariani, S.; La Mattina, A. A.; Vignali, E.; Yang, C.; Barillaro, G.; Lee, H. 4D printing of a bioinspired microneedle array with backward-facing barbs for enhanced tissue adhesion. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 1909197.

Wang, L. F.; Liu, J. Q.; Yan, X. X.; Yang, B.; Yang, C. S. A MEMS-based pyramid micro-needle electrode for long-term EEG measurement. Microsyst. Technol. 2013, 19, 269–276.

Liu, B.; Yang, Z. L.; Zheng, Y.; Yin, Z.; Fu, T.; Ren, L.; Jiang, L. L. Fabrication of metal microneedle array electrode for bio-signals monitoring. J. Mech. Eng. 2021, 57, 61–68.

Kawana, T.; Yoshida, Y.; Kudo, Y.; Iwatani, C.; Miki, N. Design and characterization of an EEG-hat for reliable EEG measurements. Micromachines 2020, 11, 635.

Chen, Z. P.; Lin, Y. Y.; Lee, W.; Ren, L.; Liu, B.; Liang, L.; Wang, Z.; Jiang, L. L. Additive manufacturing of honeybee-inspired microneedle for easy skin insertion and difficult removal. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 29338–29346.

Resnik, D.; Možek, M.; Pečar, B.; Dolžan, T.; Janež, A.; Urbančič, V.; Vrtačnik, D. Characterization of skin penetration efficacy by Au-coated Si microneedle array electrode. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2015, 232, 299–309.

Arai, M.; Kudo, Y.; Miki, N. Polymer-based candle-shaped microneedle electrodes for electroencephalography on hairy skin. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2016, 55, 06GP16.

Chen, K. Y.; Ren, L.; Chen, Z. P.; Pan, C. F.; Zhou, W.; Jiang, L. L. Fabrication of micro-needle electrodes for bio-signal recording by a magnetization-induced self-assembly method. Sensors 2016, 16, 1533.

Hsu, L. S.; Tung, S. W.; Kuo, C. H.; Yang, Y. J. Developing barbed microtip-based electrode arrays for biopotential measurement. Sensors 2014, 14, 12370–12386.

Dong, C. W.; Lee, C. J.; Lee, D. H.; Moon, S. H.; Park, W. T. Fabrication of barbed-microneedle array for bio-signal measurement. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2024, 367, 115040.

Yao, H. C.; Yang, W. D.; Cheng, W.; Tan, Y. J.; See, H. H.; Li, S.; Ali, H. P. A.; Lim, B. Z. H.; Liu, Z. J.; Tee, B. C. K. Near-hysteresis-free soft tactile electronic skins for wearables and reliable machine learning. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2020, 117, 25352–25359.

Yang, J. C.; Kim, J. O.; Oh, J.; Kwon, S. Y.; Sim, J. Y.; Kim, D. W.; Choi, H. B.; Park, S. Microstructured porous pyramid-based ultrahigh sensitive pressure sensor insensitive to strain and temperature. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 19472–19480.

Abdullah, H.; Phairatana, T.; Jeerapan, I. Tackling the challenges of developing microneedle-based electrochemical sensors. Microchim. Acta. 2022, 189, 440.

Najafi, K.; Wise, K. D.; Mochizuki, T. A high-yield IC-compatible multichannel recording array. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 1985, 32, 1206–1211.

Sun, W. B.; Guo, Z. L.; Yang, Z. Q.; Wu, Y. Z.; Lan, W. X.; Liao, Y. J.; Wu, X.; Liu, Y. Y. A review of recent advances in vital signals monitoring of sports and health via flexible wearable sensors. Sensors 2022, 22, 7784.

O'Mahony, C.; Pini, F.; Blake, A.; Webster, C.; O'Brien, J.; McCarthy, K. G. Microneedle-based electrodes with integrated through-silicon via for biopotential recording. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2012, 186, 130–136.

Wang, Y.; Pei, W. H.; Guo, K.; Gui, Q.; Li, X. Q.; Chen, H. D.; Yang, J. H. Dry electrode for the measurement of biopotential signals. Sci. China Inf. Sci. 2011, 54, 2435–2442.

Wang, Y.; Guo, K.; Pei, W. H.; Gui, Q.; Li, X. Q.; Chen, H. D.; Yang, J. H. Fabrication of dry electrode for recording bio-potentials. Chin. Phys. Lett. 2011, 28, 010701.

Pei, W. H.; Zhang, H.; Wang, Y. J.; Guo, X. H.; Xing, X.; Huang, Y.; Xie, Y. X.; Yang, X. W.; Chen, H. D. Skin-potential variation insensitive dry electrodes for ECG recording. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 2017, 64, 463–470.

Li, Z.; Li, Y.; Liu, M. S.; Cui, L. Y.; Yu, Y. D. Microneedle electrode array for electrical impedance myography to characterize neurogenic myopathy. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2016, 44, 1566–1575.

Wang, R. X.; Jiang, X. M.; Wang, W.; Li, Z. H. A microneedle electrode array on flexible substrate for long-term EEG monitoring. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2017, 244, 750–758.

Ji, H. W.; Wang, M. Y.; Wang, Y. T.; Wang, Z. H.; Ma, Y. J.; Liu, L. L.; Zhou, H. L.; Xu, Z.; Wang, X.; Chen, Y. et al. Skin-integrated, biocompatible, and stretchable silicon microneedle electrode for long-term EMG monitoring in motion scenario. npj Flex. Electron. 2023, 7, 46.

Kim, H.; Lee, J.; Heo, U.; Jayashankar, D. K.; Agno, K. C.; Kim, Y.; Kim, C. Y.; Oh, Y.; Byun, S. H.; Choi, B. et al. Skin preparation-free, stretchable microneedle adhesive patches for reliable electrophysiological sensing and exoskeleton robot control. Sci. Adv. 2024, 10, eadk5260.

Ali, S.; Abdul Rani, A. M.; Baig, Z.; Ahmed, S. W.; Hussain, G.; Subramaniam, K.; Hastuty, S.; Rao, T. V. V. L. N. Biocompatibility and corrosion resistance of metallic biomaterials. Corros. Rev. 2020, 38, 381–402.

Krieger, K. J.; Liegey, J.; Cahill, E. M.; Bertollo, N.; Lowery, M. M.; O'Cearbhaill, E. D. Development and evaluation of 3D-printed dry microneedle electrodes for surface electromyography. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2020, 5, 2000518.

Lo, L. W.; Zhao, J. Y.; Aono, K.; Li, W. L.; Wen, Z. C.; Pizzella, S.; Wang, Y.; Chakrabartty, S.; Wang, C. Stretchable sponge electrodes for long-term and motion-artifact-tolerant recording of high-quality electrophysiologic signals. ACS Nano 2022, 16, 11792–11801.

Wang, Y. Y.; Jiang, L. L.; Ren, L.; Huang, P. A.; Yu, M.; Tian, L.; Li, X. X.; Xie, J.; Fang, P.; Li, G. L. Towards improving the quality of electrophysiological signal recordings by using microneedle electrode arrays. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 2021, 68, 3327–3335.

Gwak, H.; Cho, S.; Song, Y. J.; Park, J. H.; Seo, S. A study on the fabrication of metal microneedle array electrodes for ECG detection based on low melting point Bi–In–Sn alloys. Sci. Rep. 2023, 13, 22931.

Ren, L.; Xu, S. J.; Gao, J.; Lin, Z.; Chen, Z. P.; Liu, B.; Liang, L.; Jiang, L. L. Fabrication of flexible microneedle array electrodes for wearable bio-signal recording. Sensors 2018, 18, 1191.

Yuan, C.; Ji, K. J.; Zhang, Q.; Yuan, P.; Xu, Y. L.; Liu, J.; Huo, T. W.; Zhao, J. H.; Chen, J.; Song, Y. et al. Bionic design and performance of electrode for bioelectrical signal monitoring. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 9, 2200532.

Guvanasen, G. S.; Guo, L.; Aguilar, R. J.; Cheek, A. L.; Shafor, C. S.; Rajaraman, S.; Nichols, T. R.; DeWeerth, S. P. A stretchable microneedle electrode array for stimulating and measuring intramuscular electromyographic activity. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 2017, 25, 1440–1452.

Satti, A. T.; Park, J.; Park, J.; Kim, H.; Cho, S. Fabrication of parylene-coated microneedle array electrode for wearable ECG device. Sensors 2020, 20, 5183.

Kim, C.; Jang, A.; Kim, S.; Cho, S.; Lee, D.; Kim, Y. J. A wearable ECG monitoring system using microneedle electrodes for small animals. IEEE Sens. J. 2023, 23, 21873–21881.

Ren, L.; Jiang, Q.; Chen, Z. P.; Chen, K. Y.; Xu, S. J.; Gao, J.; Jiang, L. L. Flexible microneedle array electrode using magnetorheological drawing lithography for bio-signal monitoring. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2017, 268, 38–45.

Muskovich, M.; Bettinger, C. J. Biomaterials-based electronics: Polymers and interfaces for biology and medicine. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2012, 1, 248–266.

Chen, Z. W.; Li, H. J.; Bian, Y. J.; Wang, Z. J.; Chen, G. J.; Zhang, X. D.; Miao, Y. M.; Wen, D.; Wang, J. Q.; Wan, G. et al. Bioorthogonal catalytic patch. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2021, 16, 933–941.

Nemani, K. V.; Moodie, K. L.; Brennick, J. B.; Su, A.; Gimi, B. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of SU-8 biocompatibility. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2013, 33, 4453–4459.

Wolf, M. P.; Salieb-Beugelaar, G. B.; Hunziker, P. PDMS with designer functionalities—Properties, modifications strategies, and applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2018, 83, 97–134.

Makadia, H. K.; Siegel, S. J. Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) as biodegradable controlled drug delivery carrier. Polymers 2011, 3, 1377–1397.

Elmowafy, E. M.; Tiboni, M.; Soliman, M. E. Biocompatibility, biodegradation and biomedical applications of poly(lactic acid)/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) micro and nanoparticles. J. Pharm. Investig. 2019, 49, 347–380.

Teodorescu, M.; Bercea, M.; Morariu, S. Biomaterials of Poly(vinyl alcohol) and Natural Polymers. Polym. Rev. 2018, 58, 247–287.

Atiqah, A.; Mastura, M. T.; Ali, B. A. A.; Jawaid, M.; Sapuan, S. M. A review on polyurethane and its polymer composites. Curr. Org. Synth. 2017, 14, 233–248.

Liaw, D. J.; Wang, K. L.; Huang, Y. C.; Lee, K. R.; Lai, J. Y.; Ha, C. S. Advanced polyimide materials: Syntheses, physical properties and applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2012, 37, 907–974.

Liu, Z. Y.; Wang, H.; Huang, P. A.; Huang, J. P.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, Y. Y.; Yu, M.; Chen, S. X.; Qi, D. P.; Wang, T. et al. Highly stable and stretchable conductive films through thermal-radiation-assisted metal encapsulation. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1901360.

Ohm, Y.; Pan, C. F.; Ford, M. J.; Huang, X. N.; Liao, J. H.; Majidi, C. An electrically conductive silver-polyacrylamide-alginate hydrogel composite for soft electronics. Nat. Electron. 2021, 4, 185–192.

Cordill, M. J.; Kreiml, P.; Mitterer, C. Materials engineering for flexible metallic thin film applications. Materials 2022, 15, 926.

Lozano, J.; Stoeber, B. Fabrication and characterization of a microneedle array electrode with flexible backing for biosignal monitoring. Biomed. Microdevices 2021, 23, 53.

Hou, Y.; Li, Z. Y.; Wang, Z. Y.; Yu, H. Y. Miura-ori structured flexible microneedle array electrode for biosignal recording. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 2021, 7, 53.

O’Mahony, C.; Grygoryev, K.; Ciarlone, A.; Giannoni, G.; Kenthao, A.; Galvin, P. Design, fabrication and skin-electrode contact analysis of polymer microneedle-based ECG electrodes. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2016, 26, 084005.

Ren, L.; Chen, Z. P.; Wang, H. J.; Dou, Z. L.; Liu, B.; Jiang, L. L. Fabrication of bendable microneedle-array electrode by magnetorheological drawing lithography for electroencephalogram recording. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 2020, 69, 8328–8334.

Wang, R. X.; Bai, J. X.; Zhu, X. H.; Li, Z. D.; Cheng, L. X.; Zhang, G. J.; Zhang, W. D. A PDMS-based microneedle array electrode for long-term ECG recording. Biomed. Microdevices 2022, 24, 27.

Kim, M.; Kim, T.; Kim, D. S.; Chung, W. K. Curved microneedle array-based sEMG electrode for robust long-term measurements and high selectivity. Sensors 2015, 15, 16265–16280.

Xu, J. H.; Fan, Y.; Wang, M. H.; Ji, B. W.; Li, L.; Jin, M. Y.; Shang, S. Y.; Ni, C. E.; Cheng, Y. H.; Dong, L. X. et al. Microneedle array electrode with Ag-PPS modification for superior bio-signal recording on skin. IEEE Sens. J. 2023, 23, 24196–24204.

Yoshida, Y.; Kawana, T.; Hoshino, E.; Minagawa, Y.; Miki, N. Capturing human perceptual and cognitive activities via event-related potentials measured with candle-like dry microneedle electrodes. Micromachines 2020, 11, 556.

Li, J. S.; Ma, Y. D.; Huang, D.; Wang, Z. Y.; Zhang, Z. T.; Ren, Y. J.; Hong, M. Y.; Chen, Y. F.; Li, T. Y.; Shi, X. Y. et al. High-performance flexible microneedle array as a low-impedance surface biopotential dry electrode for wearable electrophysiological recording and polysomnography. Nano-Micro Lett. 2022, 14, 132.

Srivastava, A. K.; Bhartia, B.; Mukhopadhyay, K.; Sharma, A. Long term biopotential recording by body conformable photolithography fabricated low cost polymeric microneedle arrays. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2015, 236, 164–172.

Rasmussen, S. C. The early history of polyaniline: Discovery and origins. Substantia 2017, 1, 99–109.

Rasmussen, S. C. Early history of polypyrrole: The first conducting organic polymer. Bull. Hist. Chem. Div. Hist. Chem. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 40, 45–55.

Elsenbaumer, R. L.; Jen, K. Y.; Miller, G. G.; Shacklette, L. W. Processible, environmentally stable, highly conductive forms of polythiophene. Synth. Met. 1987, 18, 277–282.

Nie, S. S.; Li, Z. F.; Yao, Y. Y.; Jin, Y. Z. Progress in synthesis of conductive polymer poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). Front. Chem. 2021, 9, 803509.

Nezakati, T.; Seifalian, A.; Tan, A.; Seifalian, A. M. Conductive polymers: Opportunities and challenges in biomedical applications. Chem. Rev. 2018, 118, 6766–6843.

Chen, Y. F.; Pei, W. H.; Chen, S. Y.; Wu, X.; Zhao, S. S.; Wang, H.; Chen, H. D. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as interface material for improving electrochemical performance of microneedles array-based dry electrode. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2013, 188, 747–756.

Keirouz, A.; Mustafa, Y. L.; Turner, J. G.; Lay, E.; Jungwirth, U.; Marken, F.; Leese, H. S. Conductive polymer-coated 3D printed microneedles: Biocompatible platforms for minimally invasive biosensing interfaces. Small 2023, 19, 2206301.

Zhou, W. J. L.; Wang, Z. Y.; Xu, Q.; Liu, X. X.; Li, J. S.; Yu, H. Q.; Qiao, H.; Yang, L. R.; Chen, L. P.; Zhang, Y. et al. Wireless facial biosensing system for monitoring facial palsy with flexible microneedle electrode arrays. npj Digital Med. 2024, 7, 13.

Gencoglu, M. F.; Spurri, A.; Franko, M.; Chen, J. H.; Hensley, D. K.; Heldt, C. L.; Saha, D. Biocompatibility of soft-templated mesoporous carbons. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 15068–15077.

Zhu, Y. W.; Murali, S.; Stoller, M. D.; Ganesh, K. J.; Cai, W. W.; Ferreira, P. J.; Pirkle, A.; Wallace, R. M.; Cychosz, K. A.; Thommes, M. et al. Carbon-based supercapacitors produced by activation of graphene. Science 2011, 332, 1537–1541.

De Volder, M. F. L.; Tawfick, S. H.; Baughman, R. H.; Hart, A. J. Carbon nanotubes: Present and future commercial applications. Science 2013, 339, 535–539.

Vomero, M.; Castagnola, E.; Ciarpella, F.; Maggiolini, E.; Goshi, N.; Zucchini, E.; Carli, S.; Fadiga, L.; Kassegne, S.; Ricci, D. Highly stable glassy carbon interfaces for long-term neural stimulation and low-noise recording of brain activity. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 40332.

Negishi, M.; Abildgaard, M.; Laufer, I.; Nixon, T.; Constable, R. T. An EEG (electroencephalogram) recording system with carbon wire electrodes for simultaneous EEG-fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) recording. J. Neurosci. Methods 2008, 173, 99–107.

Apollo, N. V.; Maturana, M. I.; Tong, W.; Nayagam, D. A. X.; Shivdasani, M. N.; Foroughi, J.; Wallace, G. G.; Prawer, S.; Ibbotson, M. R.; Garrett, D. J. Soft, flexible freestanding neural stimulation and recording electrodes fabricated from reduced graphene oxide. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25, 3551–3559.

Garcia-Cortadella, R.; Masvidal-Codina, E.; De La Cruz, J. M.; Schäfer, N.; Schwesig, G.; Jeschke, C.; Martinez-Aguilar, J.; Sanchez-Vives, M. V.; Villa, R.; Illa, X. et al. Distortion-free sensing of neural activity using graphene transistors. Small 2020, 16, 1906640.

Zhang, Y.; Bai, Y. H.; Yan, B. Functionalized carbon nanotubes for potential medicinal applications. Drug Discov. Today 2010, 15, 428–435.

Smart, S. K.; Cassady, A. I.; Lu, G. Q.; Martin, D. J. The biocompatibility of carbon nanotubes. Carbon 2006, 44, 1034–1047.

Mitskene, V.; Miliuskas, R. Carbon electrodes for prolonged human EEG recording. Zh. Vyssh. Nervn. Deyat. Im. I. P. Pavlova 1976, 26, 218–219.

Opdam, H. I.; Federico, P.; Jackson, G. D.; Buchanan, J.; Abbott, D. F.; Fabinyi, G. C. A.; Syngeniotis, A.; Vosmansky, M.; Archer, J. S.; Wellard, R. M. et al. A sheep model for the study of focal epilepsy with concurrent intracranial EEG and functional MRI. Epilepsia 2002, 43, 779–787.

Ruffini, G.; Dunne, S.; Farrés, E.; Marco-Pallarés, J.; Ray, C.; Mendoza, E.; Silva, R.; Grau, C. A dry electrophysiology electrode using CNT arrays. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2006, 132, 34–41.

Ng, W. C.; Seet, H. L.; Lee, K. S.; Ning, N.; Tai, W. X.; Sutedja, M.; Fuh, J. Y. H.; Li, X. P. Micro-spike EEG electrode and the vacuum-casting technology for mass production. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2009, 209, 4434–4438.

Zips, S.; Grob, L.; Rinklin, P.; Terkan, K.; Adly, N. Y.; Weiß, L. J. K.; Mayer, D.; Wolfrum, B. Fully printed μ-needle electrode array from conductive polymer ink for bioelectronic applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 32778–32786.

Xiang, Z. L.; Yen, S. C.; Xue, N.; Sun, T.; Tsang, W. M.; Zhang, S. S.; Liao, L. D.; Thakor, N. V.; Lee, C. Ultra-thin flexible polyimide neural probe embedded in a dissolvable maltose-coated microneedle. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2014, 24, 065015.

Naguib, M.; Kurtoglu, M.; Presser, V.; Lu, J.; Niu, J. J.; Heon, M.; Hultman, L.; Gogotsi, Y.; Barsoum, M. W. Two-dimensional nanocrystals produced by exfoliation of Ti₃AlC₂. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 4248–4253.

Liu, H. D.; Du, C. F.; Liao, L. L.; Zhang, H. J.; Zhou, H. Q.; Zhou, W. C.; Ren, T. N.; Sun, Z. C.; Lu, Y. F.; Nie, Z. T. et al. Approaching intrinsic dynamics of MXenes hybrid hydrogel for 3D printed multimodal intelligent devices with ultrahigh superelasticity and temperature sensitivity. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 3420.

Song, Y. Y.; Ren, W. J.; Zhang, Y. Q.; Liu, Q.; Peng, Z.; Wu, X. D.; Wang, Z. Q. Synergetic monitoring of both physiological pressure and epidermal biopotential based on a simplified on-skin-printed sensor modality. Small 2023, 19, 2303301.

Hao, Y. N.; Yan, Q. Y.; Liu, H. J.; He, X. Y.; Zhang, P. H.; Qin, X. H.; Wang, R. R.; Sun, J.; Wang, L. M.; Cheng, Y. A Stretchable, breathable, and self-adhesive electronic skin with multimodal sensing capabilities for human-centered healthcare. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2303881.

Yang, Y. C.; Lin, Y. T.; Yu, J. S.; Chang, H. T.; Lu, T. Y.; Huang, T. Y.; Preet, A.; Hsu, Y. J.; Wang, L. G.; Lin, T. E. MXene nanosheet-based microneedles for monitoring muscle contraction and electrostimulation treatment. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2021, 4, 7917–7924.

Jung, J. H.; Jin, S. G. Microneedle for transdermal drug delivery: Current trends and fabrication. J. Pharm. Investig. 2021, 51, 503–517.

Howells, O.; Blayney, G. J.; Gualeni, B.; Birchall, J. C.; Eng, P. F.; Ashraf, H.; Sharma, S.; Guy, O. J. Design, fabrication, and characterisation of a silicon microneedle array for transdermal therapeutic delivery using a single step wet etch process. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2022, 171, 19–28.

Eş, I.; Kafadenk, A.; Inci, F. A high-precision method for manufacturing tunable solid microneedles using dicing saw and xenon difluoride-induced dry etching. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2024, 325, 118268.

Donnelly, V. M.; Kornblit, A. Plasma etching: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 2013, 31, 050825.

Ji, J.; Tay, F. E. H.; Miao, J. M.; Iliescu, C. Microfabricated microneedle with porous tip for drug delivery. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2006, 16, 958–964.

Li, Y.; Zhang, H.; Yang, R. F.; Laffitte, Y.; Schmill, U.; Hu, W. H.; Kaddoura, M.; Blondeel, E. J. M.; Cui, B. Fabrication of sharp silicon hollow microneedles by deep-reactive ion etching towards minimally invasive diagnostics. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 2019, 5, 41.

Zheng, M. J.; Sheng, T.; Yu, J. C.; Gu, Z.; Xu, C. J. Microneedle biomedical devices. Nat. Rev. Bioeng. 2024, 2, 324–342.

Maldonado, J. R.; Peckerar, M. X-ray lithography: Some history, current status and future prospects. Microelectron. Eng. 2016, 161, 87–93.

Chen, Z. P.; Ren, L.; Li, J. Y.; Yao, L. B.; Chen, Y.; Liu, B.; Jiang, L. L. Rapid fabrication of microneedles using magnetorheological drawing lithography. Acta Biomater. 2018, 65, 283–291.

Lee, K.; Lee, H. C.; Lee, D. S.; Jung, H. Drawing lithography: Three-dimensional fabrication of an ultrahigh-aspect-ratio microneedle. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 483–486.

Li, Y. G.; Wu, W. Y.; Wang, H.; Cai, J. D.; Lü, T. Fabrication, testing and simulation of microneedle array based on X-ray lithography. Opt. Precis. Eng. 2018, 26, 1156–1164.

Lee, K.; Jung, H. Drawing lithography for microneedles: A review of fundamentals and biomedical applications. Biomaterials 2012, 33, 7309–7326.

Baek, J. Y.; Kang, K. M.; Kim, H. J.; Kim, J. H.; Lee, J. H.; Shin, G.; Jeon, J. G.; Lee, J.; Han, Y. S.; So, B. J. et al. Manufacturing process of polymeric microneedle sensors for mass production. Micromachines 2021, 12, 1364.

Anbazhagan, G.; Suseela, S. B.; Sankararajan, R. Design, analysis and fabrication of solid polymer microneedle patch using CO₂ laser and polymer molding. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res. 2023, 13, 1813–1827.

Juster, H.; Van Der Aar, B.; de Brouwer, H. A review on microfabrication of thermoplastic polymer-based microneedle arrays. Polym. Eng. Sci. 2019, 59, 877–890.

Abubaker, S. S.; Zhang, Y. J. Optimization design and fabrication of polymer micro needle by hot embossing method. Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. 2019, 20, 631–640.

Li, J. Y.; Zhou, Y. Y.; Yang, J. B.; Ye, R.; Gao, J.; Ren, L.; Liu, B.; Liang, L.; Jiang, L. L. Fabrication of gradient porous microneedle array by modified hot embossing for transdermal drug delivery. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2019, 96, 576–582.

Kang, T. T.; Zhuang, J.; Lin, L.; Zhao, Z. W.; Zhu, L.; Sun, J. Y.; Yang, Z. Z.; Wu, D. M. Simulation analysis of injection speed in micro injection molding of PLA cosmetic microneedle. Plastics 2022, 51, 23–28.

Gülçür, M.; Romano, J. M.; Penchev, P.; Gough, T.; Brown, E.; Dimov, S.; Whiteside, B. A cost-effective process chain for thermoplastic microneedle manufacture combining laser micro-machining and micro-injection moulding. CIRP J. Manuf. Sci. Technol. 2021, 32, 311–321.

Evens, T.; Malek, O.; Castagne, S.; Seveno, D.; van Bael, A. A novel method for producing solid polymer microneedles using laser ablated moulds in an injection moulding process. Manuf. Lett. 2020, 24, 29–32.

Murphy, S. V.; Atala, A. 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs. Nat. Biotechnol. 2014, 32, 773–785.

Cho, Y. H.; Park, Y. G.; Kim, S.; Park, J. U. 3D electrodes for bioelectronics. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2005805.

Choo, S.; Jin, S.; Jung, J. Fabricating high-resolution and high-dimensional microneedle mold through the resolution improvement of stereolithography 3D printing. Pharmaceutics 2022, 14, 766.

Jeong, J.; Park, J.; Lee, S. 3D printing fabrication process for fine control of microneedle shape. Micro Nano Syst. Lett. 2023, 11, 1.

Mckee, S.; Lutey, A.; Sciancalepore, C.; Poli, F.; Selleri, S.; Cucinotta, A. Microfabrication of polymer microneedle arrays using two-photon polymerization. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol. 2022, 229, 112424.

Rad, Z. F.; Prewett, P. D.; Davies, G. J. Parametric optimization of two-photon direct laser writing process for manufacturing polymeric microneedles. Addit. Manuf. 2022, 56, 102953.

Tsegay, F.; Elsherif, M.; Butt, H. Smart 3D printed hydrogel skin wound bandages: A review. Polymers 2022, 14, 1012.

Tumbleston, J. R.; Shirvanyants, D.; Ermoshkin, N.; Janusziewicz, R.; Johnson, A. R.; Kelly, D.; Chen, K.; Pinschmidt, R.; Rolland, J. P.; Ermoshkin, A. et al. Continuous liquid interface production of 3D objects. Science 2015, 347, 1349–1352.

Lipkowitz, G.; Samuelsen, T.; Hsiao, K.; Lee, B.; Dulay, M. T.; Coates, I.; Lin, H.; Pan, W.; Toth, G.; Tate, L. et al. Injection continuous liquid interface production of 3D objects. Sci. Adv. 2022, 8, eabq3917.

Wu, L. B.; Park, J.; Kamaki, Y.; Kim, B. Optimization of the fused deposition modeling-based fabrication process for polylactic acid microneedles. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 2021, 7, 58.

Khosraviboroujeni, A.; Mirdamadian, S. Z.; Minaiyan, M.; Taheri, A. Preparation and characterization of 3D printed PLA microneedle arrays for prolonged transdermal drug delivery of estradiol valerate. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res. 2022, 12, 1195–1208.

Choi, C. K.; Lee, K. J.; Youn, Y. N.; Jang, E. H.; Kim, W.; Min, B. K.; Ryu, W. Spatially discrete thermal drawing of biodegradable microneedles for vascular drug delivery. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2013, 83, 224–233.

Lee, J.; Park, S. H.; Seo, I. H.; Lee, K. J.; Ryu, W. Rapid and repeatable fabrication of high A/R silk fibroin microneedles using thermally-drawn micromolds. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2015, 94, 11–19.

Lee, K.; Park, S. H.; Lee, J.; Ryu, S.; Joo, C.; Ryu, W. Three-step thermal drawing for rapid prototyping of highly customizable microneedles for vascular tissue insertion. Pharmaceutics 2019, 11, 100.

Goyal, K.; Borkholder, D. A.; Day, S. W. Dependence of skin-electrode contact impedance on material and skin hydration. Sensors 2022, 22, 8510.

Zhou, W.; Song, R.; Pan, X. L.; Peng, Y. J.; Qi, X. Y.; Peng, J. H.; Hui, K. S.; Hui, K. N. Fabrication and impedance measurement of novel metal dry bioelectrode. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2013, 201, 127–133.

Yang, L. T.; Gan, L.; Zhang, Z. G.; Zhang, Z. L.; Yang, H.; Zhang, Y.; Wu, J. L. Insight into the contact impedance between the electrode and the skin surface for electrophysical recordings. ACS Omega 2022, 7, 13906–13912.

Liu, J. T.; Liu, X. Y.; He, E. H.; Gao, F.; Li, Z. Y.; Xiao, G. H.; Xu, S. W.; Cai, X. X. A novel dry-contact electrode for measuring electroencephalography signals. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2019, 294, 73–80.

Leleux, P.; Johnson, C.; Strakosas, X.; Rivnay, J.; Hervé, T.; Owens, R. M.; Malliaras, G. G. Ionic liquid gel-assisted electrodes for long-term cutaneous recordings. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2014, 3, 1377–1380.

Murphy, B. B.; Mulcahey, P. J.; Driscoll, N.; Richardson, A. G.; Robbins, G. T.; Apollo, N. V.; Maleski, K.; Lucas, T. H.; Gogotsi, Y.; Dillingham, T. et al. A gel-free Ti₃C₂T_x-based electrode array for high-density, high-resolution surface electromyography. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2020, 5, 2000325.

Stauffer, F.; Thielen, M.; Sauter, C.; Chardonnens, S.; Bachmann, S.; Tybrandt, K.; Peters, C.; Hierold, C.; Vörös, J. Skin conformal polymer electrodes for clinical ECG and EEG recordings. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2018, 7, 1700994.

Zhang, C. C.; Li, M. J.; Xuan, X. W.; Zhou, B. Z.; Li, P. H.; Li, H. J. Nitrogen-doped multilayer graphene microtubes for high-density recording of occipital EEG signals. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2023, 8, 2201734.

Roberts, T.; De Graaf, J. B.; Nicol, C.; Hervé, T.; Fiocchi, M.; Sanaur, S. Flexible inkjet-printed multielectrode arrays for neuromuscular cartography. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2016, 5, 1462–1470.

Roubert Martinez, S.; Le Floch, P.; Liu, J.; Howe, R. D. Pure conducting polymer hydrogels increase signal-to-noise of cutaneous electrodes by lowering skin interface impedance. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2023, 12, 2202661.

Lundheim, L. On shannon and" shannon's formula". Telektronikk 2002, 98, 20–29.

Kai, H.; Kumatani, A. A porous microneedle electrochemical glucose sensor fabricated on a scaffold of a polymer monolith. J. Phys. Energy 2021, 3, 024006.

Zhang, B. L.; Yang, Y.; Zhao, Z. Q.; Guo, X. D. A gold nanoparticles deposited polymer microneedle enzymatic biosensor for glucose sensing. Electrochim. Acta 2020, 358, 136917.

Sharma, S.; Huang, Z. Y.; Rogers, M.; Boutelle, M.; Cass, A. E. G. Evaluation of a minimally invasive glucose biosensor for continuous tissue monitoring. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2016, 408, 8427–8435.

Yang, Y.; Chen, B. Z.; Zhang, X. P.; Zheng, H.; Li, Z.; Zhang, C. Y.; Guo, X. D. Conductive microneedle patch with electricity-triggered drug release performance for atopic dermatitis treatment. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 31645–31654.

Jin, Q. C.; Chen, H. J.; Li, X. L.; Huang, X. S.; Wu, Q. N.; He, G.; Hang, T.; Yang, C. D.; Jiang, Z.; Li, E. L. et al. Reduced graphene oxide nanohybrid-assembled microneedles as mini-invasive electrodes for real-time transdermal biosensing. Small 2019, 15, 1804298.

Hegarty, C.; McKillop, S.; McGlynn, R. J.; Smith, R. B.; Mathur, A.; Davis, J. Microneedle array sensors based on carbon nanoparticle composites: Interfacial chemistry and electroanalytical properties. J. Mater. Sci. 2019, 54, 10705–10714.

Chatterjee, S.; Saxena, M.; Padmanabhan, D.; Jayachandra, M.; Pandya, H. J. Futuristic medical implants using bioresorbable materials and devices. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2019, 142, 111489.

Bhattacharjee, S.; de Haan, L. H. J.; Evers, N. M.; Jiang, X.; Marcelis, A. T. M.; Zuilhof, H.; Rietjens, I. M. C. M.; Alink, G. M. Role of surface charge and oxidative stress in cytotoxicity of organic monolayer-coated silicon nanoparticles towards macrophage NR8383 cells. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2010, 7, 25.

Al-Shalawi, F. D.; Mohamed Ariff, A. H.; Jung, D. W.; Mohd Ariffin, M. K. A.; Seng Kim, C. L.; Brabazon, D.; Al-Osaimi, M. O. Biomaterials as implants in the orthopedic field for regenerative medicine: Metal versus synthetic polymers. Polymers 2023, 15, 2601.

Kligman, S.; Ren, Z.; Chung, C. H.; Perillo, M. A.; Chang, Y. C.; Koo, H.; Zheng, Z.; Li, C. S. The impact of dental implant surface modifications on osseointegration and biofilm formation. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 1641.

Alcantar, N. A.; Aydil, E. S.; Israelachvili, J. N. Polyethylene glycol-coated biocompatible surfaces. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2000, 51, 343–351.

Zheng, X. X.; Wang, Y. J.; Lan, Z. Y.; Lyu, Y. N.; Feng, G. K.; Zhang, Y. P.; Tagusari, S.; Kislauskis, E.; Robich, M. P.; McCarthy, S. et al. Improved biocompatibility of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) and poly-L-lactic acid blended with nanoparticulate amorphous calcium phosphate in vascular stent applications. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 2014, 10, 900–910.

Alexandre, N.; Ribeiro, J.; Gärtner, A.; Pereira, T.; Amorim, I.; Fragoso, J.; Lopes, A.; Fernandes, J.; Costa, E.; Santos-Silva, A. et al. Biocompatibility and hemocompatibility of polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel used for vascular grafting—In vitro and In vivo studies. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A 2014, 102, 4262–4275.

Masmur, I.; Perangin-Angin, S.; Sembiring, H.; Tarigan, A. H.; Ginting, J.; Barus, D. A.; Ginting, M. Effect of different composition of polyethylene oxide-polypyrrole (PEO-PPy) nanofiber mats on antibacterial and biocompatibility properties. ChemistrySelect 2022, 7, e202201346.

Amerian, M.; Amerian, M.; Sameti, M.; Seyedjafari, E. Improvement of PDMS surface biocompatibility is limited by the duration of oxygen plasma treatment. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A 2019, 107, 2806–2813.

Sultana, N.; Chang, H. C.; Jefferson, S.; Daniels, D. E. Application of conductive poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly (styrenesulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS) polymers in potential biomedical engineering. J. Pharm. Investig. 2020, 50, 437–444.

Peterson, R. C.; Wolffsohn, J. S.; Nick, J.; Winterton, L.; Lally, J. Clinical performance of daily disposable soft contact lenses using sustained release technology. Cont. Lens Anterior Eye 2006, 29, 127–134.

Lü, J. M.; Wang, X. W.; Marin-Muller, C.; Wang, H.; Lin, P. H.; Yao, Q. Z.; Chen, C. Y. Current advances in research and clinical applications of PLGA-based nanotechnology. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 2009, 9, 325–341.

Zare, M.; Ghomi, E. R.; Venkatraman, P. D.; Ramakrishna, S. Silicone-based biomaterials for biomedical applications: Antimicrobial strategies and 3D printing technologies. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2021, 138, 50969.

Khan, S.; Ul-Islam, M.; Ullah, M. W.; Israr, M.; Jang, J. H.; Park, J. K. Nano-gold assisted highly conducting and biocompatible bacterial cellulose-PEDOT:PSS films for biology-device interface applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 107, 865–873.

Ren, X. N.; Yang, M.; Yang, T. T.; Xu, C.; Ye, Y. Q.; Wu, X. N.; Zheng, X.; Wang, B.; Wan, Y.; Luo, Z. Q. Highly conductive PPY-PEDOT:PSS hybrid hydrogel with superior biocompatibility for bioelectronics application. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 25374–25382.

Yang, T. T.; Yang, M.; Xu, C.; Yang, K.; Su, Y. M.; Ye, Y. Q.; Dou, L. Y.; Yang, Q.; Ke, W. B.; Wang, B. et al. PEDOT:PSS hydrogels with high conductivity and biocompatibility for in situ cell sensing. J. Mater. Chem. B 2023, 11, 3226–3235.

Lu, F.; Wang, C. S.; Zhao, R. J.; Du, L. D.; Fang, Z.; Guo, X. H.; Zhao, Z. Review of stratum corneum impedance measurement in non-invasive penetration application. Biosensors 2018, 8, 31.

Yan, X. X.; Liu, J. Q.; Wang, L. F.; Yang, C. S.; Li, Y. G. Silicon-based microneedle array electrodes for biopotential measurement. Key Eng. Mater. 2011, 483, 443–446.

Peng, H. L.; Liu, J. Q.; Tian, H. C.; Xu, B.; Dong, Y. Z.; Yang, B.; Chen, X.; Yang, C. S. Flexible dry electrode based on carbon nanotube/polymer hybrid micropillars for biopotential recording. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2015, 235, 48–56.