Modification strategies on nickel-based electrocatalysts for energy-efficient anodic reactions

Liu, Y. H.; Zhang, K. W.; Zhang, D. X.; Dong, W. X.; Jiang, T. Y.; Zhou, H. B.; Li, L. X.; Mao, B. D. Industrial stainless steel meshes for efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. J. Energy Storage 2021, 41, 102844.

Zhang, M. Y.; Zhou, W. D.; Yan, X. H.; Huang, X. P.; Wu, S. T.; Pan, J. M.; Shahnavaz, Z.; Li, T.; Yu, X. Y. Sodium dodecyl sulfate intercalated two-dimensional nickel-cobalt layered double hydroxides to synthesize multifunctional nanomaterials for supercapacitors and electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Fuel 2023, 333, 126323.

Guan, S. Y.; Yuan, Z. L.; Zhao, S. Q.; Zhuang, Z. C.; Zhang, H. H.; Shen, R. F.; Fan, Y. P.; Li, B. J.; Wang, D. S.; Liu, B. Z. Efficient hydrogen generation from ammonia borane hydrolysis on a tandem ruthenium-platinum-titanium catalyst. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202408193.

Zhu, P.; Xiong, X.; Wang, D. S. Regulations of active moiety in single atom catalysts for electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction. Nano Res. 2022, 15, 5792–5815.

Li, Z. H.; Yan, Y. F.; Xu, S. M.; Zhou, H.; Xu, M.; Ma, L. N.; Shao, M. F.; Kong, X. G.; Wang, B.; Zheng, L. R. et al. Alcohols electrooxidation coupled with H₂ production at high current densities promoted by a cooperative catalyst. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 147.

Bhuvanendran, N.; Ravichandran, S.; Jayaseelan, S. S.; Xu, Q.; Khotseng, L.; Su, H. N. Improved bi-functional oxygen electrocatalytic performance of Pt-Ir alloy nanoparticles embedded on MWCNT with Pt-enriched surfaces. Energy 2020, 211, 118695.

Dong, W. X.; Zhou, H. B.; Mao, B. D.; Zhang, Z. Y.; Liu, Y. S.; Liu, Y. H.; Li, F. H.; Zhang, D. Q.; Zhang, D. X.; Shi, W. D. Efficient MOF- derived V–Ni₃S₂ nanosheet arrays for electrocatalytic overall water splitting in alkali. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2021, 46, 10773–10782.

Zhu, J. J.; Lu, Y. K.; Liu, C. C.; Cheng, T.; Xu, S. J.; Li, D.; Jiang, D. L. Template confined construction of Fe-NiCoP/NiCoP/NF heterostructures for highly efficient electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2021, 46, 37746–37756.

Xiao, L.; Dai, W. D.; Mou, S. Y.; Wang, X. Y.; Cheng, Q.; Dong, F. Coupling electrocatalytic cathodic nitrate reduction with anodic formaldehyde oxidation at ultra-low potential over Cu₂O. Energy Environ. Sci. 2023, 16, 2696–2704.

Wang, Q. X.; Liu, J. F.; Li, T.; Zhang, T.; Arbiol, J.; Yan, S. X.; Wang, Y.; Li, H. M.; Cabot, A. Pd₂Ga nanorods as highly active bifunctional catalysts for electrosynthesis of acetic acid coupled with hydrogen production. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 446, 136878.

Wang, Y.; Zheng, X. B.; Wang, D. S. Design concept for electrocatalysts. Nano Res. 2022, 15, 1730–1752.

Li, R. Z.; Wang, D. S. Understanding the structure–performance relationship of active sites at atomic scale. Nano Res. 2022, 15, 6888–6923.

Zhang, Z. Y.; Xin, L.; Qi, J.; Chadderdon, D. J.; Sun, K.; Warsko, K. M.; Li, W. Z. Selective electro-oxidation of glycerol to tartronate or mesoxalate on Au nanoparticle catalyst via electrode potential tuning in anion-exchange membrane electro-catalytic flow reactor. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2014, 147, 871–878.

Jiao, S. L.; Fu, X. W.; Wang, S. Y.; Zhao, Y. Perfecting electrocatalysts via imperfections: Towards the large-scale deployment of water electrolysis technology. Energy Environ. Sci. 2021, 14, 1722–1770.

Thiyagarajan, D.; Gao, M. Y.; Sun, L.; Dong, X. C.; Zheng, D. H.; Wahab, M. A.; Will, G.; Lin, J. J. Nanoarchitectured porous Cu-CoP nanoplates as electrocatalysts for efficient oxygen evolution reaction. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 432, 134303.

Taitt, B. J.; Nam, D. H.; Choi, K. S. A comparative study of nickel, cobalt, and iron oxyhydroxide anodes for the electrochemical oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid. ACS Catal. 2019, 9, 660–670.

Zheng, X. B.; Li, B. B.; Wang, Q. S.; Wang, D. S.; Li, Y. D. Emerging low-nuclearity supported metal catalysts with atomic level precision for efficient heterogeneous catalysis. Nano Res. 2022, 15, 7806–7839.

Hassaninejad-Darzi, S. K. Encapsulation of a nickel Salen complex in nanozeolite LTA as a carbon paste electrode modifier for electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrazine. Chin. J. Catal. 2018, 39, 283–296.

Li, D.; Zhou, X. M.; Ruan, Q. D.; Liu, L. L.; Liu, J. Y.; Wang, B.; Wang, Y. C.; Zhang, X. L.; Chen, R. S.; Ni, H. W. et al. Suppression of passivation on nickel hydroxide in electrocatalytic urea oxidization. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2313680.

Liu, C. F.; Shi, X. R.; Yue, K. H.; Wang, P. J.; Zhan, K.; Wang, X. Y.; Xia, B. Y.; Yan, Y. S-species-evoked high-valence Ni^{2+ δ} of the evolved β-Ni(OH)₂ electrode for selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2211177.

Dubale, A. A.; Zheng, Y. Y.; Wang, H. L.; Hübner, R.; Li, Y.; Yang, J.; Zhang, J. W.; Sethi, N. K.; He, L. Q.; Zheng, Z. K. et al. High-performance bismuth-doped nickel aerogel electrocatalyst for the methanol oxidation reaction. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 13891–13899.

Xu, Y.; Liu, M. Y.; Wang, S. Q.; Ren, K. L.; Wang, M. Z.; Wang, Z. Q.; Li, X. N.; Wang, L.; Wang, H. J. Integrating electrocatalytic hydrogen generation with selective oxidation of glycerol to formate over bifunctional nitrogen-doped carbon coated nickel-molybdenum-nitrogen nanowire arrays. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2021, 298, 120493.

Sun, Y. X.; Shin, H.; Wang, F. Y.; Tian, B. L.; Chiang, C. W.; Liu, S. T.; Li, X. S.; Wang, Y. Q.; Tang, L. Y.; Goddard III, W. A. et al. Highly selective electrocatalytic oxidation of amines to nitriles assisted by water oxidation on metal-doped α-Ni(OH)₂. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144, 15185–15192.

Cui, X.; Chen, M. L.; Xiong, R.; Sun, J.; Liu, X. W.; Geng, B. Y. Ultrastable and efficient H₂ production via membrane-free hybrid water electrolysis over a bifunctional catalyst of hierarchical Mo-Ni alloy nanoparticles. J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 16501–16507.

Khakyzadeh, V.; Sediqi, S. The electro-oxidation of primary alcohols via a coral-shaped cobalt metal-organic framework modified graphite electrode in neutral media. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 8560.

Peng, K.; Bhuvanendran, N.; Ravichandran, S.; Zhang, W. Q.; Ma, Q.; Xing, L.; Xu, Q.; Khotseng, L.; Su, H. N. Carbon supported PtPdCr ternary alloy nanoparticles with enhanced electrocatalytic activity and durability for methanol oxidation reaction. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2020, 45, 22752–22760.

Badalyan, A.; Stahl, S. S. Cooperative electrocatalytic alcohol oxidation with electron-proton-transfer mediators. Nature 2016, 535, 406–410.

Bender, M. T.; Warburton, R. E.; Hammes-Schiffer, S.; Choi, K. S. Understanding hydrogen atom and hydride transfer processes during electrochemical alcohol and aldehyde oxidation. ACS Catal. 2021, 11, 15110–15124.

Fleischmann, M.; Korinek, K.; Pletcher, D. The oxidation of organic compounds at a nickel anode in alkaline solution. J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 1971, 31, 39–49.

Bender, M. T.; Choi, K. S. Electrochemical dehydrogenation pathways of amines to nitriles on NiOOH. JACS Au 2022, 2, 1169–1180.

McLoughlin, E. A.; Armstrong, K. C.; Waymouth, R. M. Electrochemically regenerable hydrogen atom acceptors: Mediators in electrocatalytic alcohol oxidation reactions. ACS Catal. 2020, 10, 11654–11662.

Bender, M. T.; Lam, Y. C.; Hammes-Schiffer, S.; Choi, K. S. Unraveling two pathways for electrochemical alcohol and aldehyde oxidation on NiOOH. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 21538–21547.

Hao, Y. M.; Li, J. L.; Cao, X. T.; Meng, L. S.; Wu, J. X.; Yang, X. J.; Li, Y. F.; Liu, Z. P.; Gong, M. Origin of the universal potential-dependent organic oxidation on nickel oxyhydroxide. ACS Catal. 2023, 13, 2916–2927.

Zhu, B. T.; Dong, B.; Wang, F.; Yang, Q. F.; He, Y. P.; Zhang, C. J.; Jin, P.; Feng, L. Unraveling a bifunctional mechanism for methanol-to-formate electro-oxidation on nickel-based hydroxides. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 1686.

Huang, H. L.; Yu, C.; Han, X. T.; Huang, H. W.; Wei, Q. B.; Guo, W.; Wang, Z.; Qiu, J. S. Ni, Co hydroxide triggers electrocatalytic production of high-purity benzoic acid over 400 mA·cm⁻². Energy Environ. Sci. 2020, 13, 4990–4999.

Goetz, M. K.; Bender, M. T.; Choi, K. S. Predictive control of selective secondary alcohol oxidation of glycerol on NiOOH. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 5848.

Luo, H.; Barrio, J.; Sunny, N.; Li, A.; Steier, L.; Shah, N.; Stephens, I. E. L.; Titirici, M. M. Progress and perspectives in photo- and electrochemical-oxidation of biomass for sustainable chemicals and hydrogen production. Adv. Energy Mater. 2021, 11, 2101180.

Luo, H.; Yukuhiro, V. Y.; Fernández, P. S.; Feng, J. Y.; Thompson, P.; Rao, R. R.; Cai, R. S.; Favero, S.; Haigh, S. J.; Durrant, J. R. et al. Role of Ni in PtNi bimetallic electrocatalysts for hydrogen and value-added chemicals coproduction via glycerol electrooxidation. ACS Catal. 2022, 12, 14492–14506.

Li, S. L.; Ma, P. J.; Gao, C. L.; Liu, L. J.; Wang, X. L.; Shakour, M.; Chernikov, R.; Wang, K. W.; Liu, D. M.; Ma, R. G. et al. Reconstruction-induced NiCu-based catalysts towards paired electrochemical refining. Energy Environ. Sci. 2022, 15, 3004–3014.

Si, D.; Xiong, B. Y.; Chen, L. S.; Shi, J. L. Highly selective and efficient electrocatalytic synthesis of glycolic acid in coupling with hydrogen evolution. Chem. Catal. 2021, 1, 941–955.

Yan, Y. F.; Zhou, H.; Xu, S. M.; Yang, J. R.; Hao, P. J.; Cai, X.; Ren, Y.; Xu, M.; Kong, X. G.; Shao, M. F. et al. Electrocatalytic upcycling of biomass and plastic wastes to biodegradable polymer monomers and hydrogen fuel at high current densities. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023, 145, 6144–6155.

Liu, F. L.; Gao, X. T.; Shi, R.; Guo, Z. X.; Tse, E. C. M.; Chen, Y. Concerted and selective electrooxidation of polyethylene-terephthalate-derived alcohol to glycolic acid at an industry-level current density over a Pd-Ni(OH)₂ catalyst. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202300094.

Chen, W.; Xu, L. T.; Zhu, X. R.; Huang, Y. C.; Zhou, W.; Wang, D. D.; Zhou, Y. Y.; Du, S. Q.; Li, Q. L.; Xie, C. et al. Unveiling the electrooxidation of urea: Intramolecular coupling of the N–N bond. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 7297–7307.

Li, J. N.; Li, J. L.; Liu, T.; Chen, L.; Li, Y. F.; Wang, H. L.; Chen, X. R.; Gong, M.; Liu, Z. P.; Yang, X. J. Deciphering and suppressing over-oxidized nitrogen in nickel-catalyzed urea electrolysis. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 26656–26662.

Song, Y. C.; Woo, J. H.; Oh, G. G.; Kim, D. H.; Lee, C. Y.; Kim, H. W. External electric field promotes ammonia stripping from wastewater. Water Res. 2021, 203, 117518.

Vikrant, K.; Kim, K. H.; Dong, F.; Giannakoudakis, D. A. Photocatalytic platforms for removal of ammonia from gaseous and aqueous matrixes: Status and challenges. ACS Catal. 2020, 10, 8683–8716.

Lyu, Z. H.; Fu, J. J.; Tang, T.; Zhang, J. N.; Hu, J. S. Design of ammonia oxidation electrocatalysts for efficient direct ammonia fuel cells. EnergyChem 2023, 5, 100093.

Wu, L.; Tang, D. J.; Xue, J.; Liu, S. Q.; Wang, J. M.; Ji, H. W.; Chen, C. C.; Zhang, Y. C.; Zhao, J. C. Competitive non-radical nucleophilic attack pathways for NH₃ oxidation and H₂O oxidation on hematite photoanodes. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202214580.

Oswin, H. G.; Salomon, M. The anodic oxidation of ammonia at platinum black electrodes in aqueous KOH electrolyte. Can. J. Chem. 1963, 41, 1686–1694.

Siddharth, K.; Chan, Y.; Wang, L.; Shao, M. H. Ammonia electro-oxidation reaction: Recent development in mechanistic understanding and electrocatalyst design. Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 2018, 9, 151–157.

Gerischer, H.; Mauerer, A. Untersuchungen zur anodischen oxidation von Ammoniak an Platin-Elektroden. J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 1970, 25, 421–433.

Tian, Y. R.; Mao, Z. X.; Wang, L. Q.; Liang, J. Green chemistry: Advanced electrocatalysts and system design for ammonia oxidation. Small Struct. 2023, 4, 2200266.

Almomani, F.; Bhosale, R.; Khraisheh, M.; Kumar, A.; Tawalbeh, M. Electrochemical oxidation of ammonia on nickel oxide nanoparticles. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2020, 45, 10398–10408.

Allagui, A.; Sarfraz, S.; Ntais, S.; Al momani, F.; Baranova, E. A. Electrochemical behavior of ammonia on Ni₉₈Pd₂ nano-structured catalyst. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2014, 39, 41–48.

Li, Y. P.; Niu, S. W.; Liu, P. G.; Pan, R. R.; Zhang, H. K.; Ahmad, N.; Shi, Y.; Liang, X.; Cheng, M. Y.; Chen, S. H. et al. Ruthenium nanoclusters and single atoms on α-MoC/N-doped carbon achieves low-input/input-free hydrogen evolution via decoupled/coupled hydrazine oxidation. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202316755.

Liu, Q.; Liao, X. B.; Tang, Y. H.; Wang, J. H.; Lv, X. Z.; Pan, X. L.; Lu, R. H.; Zhao, Y.; Yu, X. Y.; Wu, H. B. Low-coordinated cobalt arrays for efficient hydrazine electrooxidation. Energy Environ. Sci. 2022, 15, 3246–3256.

Zhou, L.; Shao, M. F.; Zhang, C.; Zhao, J. W.; He, S.; Rao, D. M.; Wei, M.; Evans, D. G.; Duan, X. Hierarchical CoNi-sulfide nanosheet arrays derived from layered double hydroxides toward efficient hydrazine electrooxidation. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1604080.

Wen, H.; Gan, L. Y.; Dai, H. B.; Wen, X. P.; Wu, L. S.; Wu, H.; Wang, P. In situ grown Ni phosphide nanowire array on Ni foam as a high-performance catalyst for hydrazine electrooxidation. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2019, 241, 292–298.

Zhang, J. H.; Liu, Y.; Li, J. M.; Jin, X.; Li, Y. P.; Qian, Q. Z.; Wang, Y. X.; El-Harairy, A.; Li, Z. Y.; Zhu, Y. et al. Vanadium substitution steering reaction kinetics acceleration for Ni₃N nanosheets endows exceptionally energy-saving hydrogen evolution coupled with hydrazine oxidation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 3881–3890.

Xu, X. F.; Chen, H. C.; Li, L. F.; Humayun, M.; Zhang, X.; Sun, H. C.; Debecker, D. P.; Zhang, W. J.; Dai, L. M.; Wang, C. D. Leveraging metal nodes in metal-organic frameworks for advanced anodic hydrazine oxidation assisted seawater splitting. ACS Nano 2023, 17, 10906–10917.

Wang, Y.; Xue, Y. Y.; Yan, L. T.; Li, H. P.; Li, Y. P.; Yuan, E. H.; Li, M.; Li, S. N.; Zhai, Q. G. Multimetal incorporation into 2D conductive metal-organic framework nanowires enabling excellent electrocatalytic oxidation of benzylamine to benzonitrile. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 24786–24795.

Wei, K. L.; Wang, X.; Jiao, X. L.; Li, C.; Chen, D. R. Self-supported 2D Fe-doped Ni-MOF nanosheets as highly efficient and stable electrocatalysts for benzylamine oxidation. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2022, 578, 152065.

Ding, Y.; Miao, B. Q.; Li, S. N.; Jiang, Y. C.; Liu, Y. Y.; Yao, H. C.; Chen, Y. Benzylamine oxidation boosted electrochemical water-splitting: Hydrogen and benzonitrile co-production at ultra-thin Ni₂P nanomeshes grown on nickel foam. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2020, 268, 118393.

Ren, Z.; Yang, Y. S.; Wang, S.; Li, X. L.; Feng, H. S.; Wang, L.; Li, Y. M.; Zhang, X.; Wei, M. Pt atomic clusters catalysts with local charge transfer towards selective oxidation of furfural. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2021, 295, 120290.

Liu, B. Y.; Zhang, M.; Liu, Y. Y.; Wang, Y. C.; Yan, K. Electrodeposited 3D hierarchical NiFe microflowers assembled from nanosheets robust for the selective electrooxidation of furfuryl alcohol. Green Energy Environ. 2023, 8, 874–882.

Fang, Z. Y.; Zhang, P. L.; Wang, M.; Li, F. S.; Wu, X. J.; Fan, K.; Sun, L. C. Selective electro-oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes in aqueous solution via Cu(III) intermediates from CuO nanorods. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2021, 9, 11855–11861.

Lu, L. Y.; Wen, C. Y.; Wang, H. Y.; Li, Y. H.; Wu, J. C.; Wang, C. G. Tailoring the electron structure and substrate adsorption energy of Ni hydroxide via Co doping to enhance the electrooxidation of biomass-derived chemicals. J. Catal. 2023, 424, 1–8.

Li, S. Q.; Wang, S. B.; Wang, Y. H.; He, J. H.; Li, K.; Xu, Y. J.; Wang, M. X.; Zhao, S. Y.; Li, X. N.; Zhong, X. et al. Doped Mn enhanced NiS electrooxidation performance of HMF into FDCA at industrial-level current density. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2214488.

Yang, Z. H.; Zhang, B. L.; Yan, C. Y.; Xue, Z. M.; Mu, T. C. The pivot to achieve high current density for biomass electrooxidation: Accelerating the reduction of Ni³⁺ to Ni²⁺. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2023, 330, 122590.

Zhao, Y. Y.; Cai, M. K.; Xian, J. H.; Sun, Y. M.; Li, G. Q. Recent advances in the electrocatalytic synthesis of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid from 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural. J. Mater. Chem. A 2021, 9, 20164–20183.

Chen, C. L.; Wang, L. C.; Zhu, B.; Zhou, Z. Q.; El-Hout, S. I.; Yang, J.; Zhang, J. 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid production via catalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural: Catalysts, processes and reaction mechanism. J. Energy Chem. 2021, 54, 528–554.

Pang, X. L.; Bai, H. Y.; Zhao, H. Q.; Fan, W. Q.; Shi, W. D. Efficient electrocatalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural coupled with 4-nitrophenol hydrogenation in a water system. ACS Catal. 2022, 12, 1545–1557.

Jiang, X. L.; Li, W.; Liu, Y. X.; Zhao, L.; Chen, Z. K.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, Y. G.; Yun, S. N. Electrocatalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural for sustainable 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid production-from mechanism to catalysts design. SusMat 2023, 3, 21–43.

Wu, J. C.; Kong, Z. J.; Li, Y. Y.; Lu, Y. X.; Zhou, P.; Wang, H. F.; Xu, L. T.; Wang, S. Y.; Zou, Y. Q. Unveiling the adsorption behavior and redox properties of PtNi nanowire for biomass-derived molecules electrooxidation. ACS Nano 2022, 16, 21518–21526.

Xu, H.; Shang, H. Y.; Wang, C.; Du, Y. K. Low-dimensional metallic nanomaterials for advanced electrocatalysis. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2006317.

Liu, Y. L.; Zheng, Z. Y.; Jabeen, S.; Liu, N. Y.; Liu, Y. X.; Cheng, Y. Y.; Li, Y. X.; Yu, J. W.; Wu, X.; Yan, N. N. et al. Mechanochemical route to fabricate an efficient nitrate reduction electrocatalyst. Nano Res. 2024, 17, 4889–4897.

Wu, T. Z.; Han, M. Y.; Xu, Z. C. J. Size effects of electrocatalysts: More than a variation of surface area. ACS Nano 2022, 16, 8531–8539.

Zhou, A. W.; Wang, D. S.; Li, Y. D. Hollow microstructural regulation of single-atom catalysts for optimized electrocatalytic performance. Microstructures 2022, 2, 2022005.

Wang, L. G.; Wu, J. B.; Wang, S. W.; Liu, H.; Wang, Y.; Wang, D. S. The reformation of catalyst: From a trial-and-error synthesis to rational design. Nano Res. 2024, 17, 3261–3301.

Zhang, S.; Wang, R. Y.; Zhang, X.; Zhao, H. Recent advances in single-atom alloys: Preparation methods and applications in heterogeneous catalysis. RSC Adv. 2024, 14, 3936–3951.

Li, L. L.; Zhao, Z. J.; Zhang, G.; Cheng, D. F.; Chang, X.; Yuan, X. T.; Wang, T.; Gong, J. L. Neural network accelerated investigation of the dynamic structure–performance relations of electrochemical CO₂ reduction over SnO _x surfaces. Research 2023, 6, 0067.

Li, W. H.; Ye, B. C.; Yang, J. R.; Wang, Y.; Yang, C. J.; Pan, Y. M.; Tang, H. T.; Wang, D. S.; Li, Y. D. A single-atom cobalt catalyst for the fluorination of acyl chlorides at parts-per-million catalyst loading. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202209749.

Wang, H. W.; Gu, X. K.; Zheng, X. S.; Pan, H. B.; Zhu, J. F.; Chen, S.; Cao, L. N.; Li, W. X.; Lu, J. L. Disentangling the size-dependent geometric and electronic effects of palladium nanocatalysts beyond selectivity. Sci. Adv. 2019, 5, eaat6413.

Zhong, J.; Shen, Y. L.; Zhu, P.; Yao, S.; An, C. H. Size-effect on Ni electrocatalyst: The case of electrochemical benzyl alcohol oxidation. Nano Res. 2023, 16, 202–208.

Liu, G. H.; Nie, T. Q.; Wang, H. J.; Shen, T. Y.; Sun, X. L.; Bai, S.; Zheng, L. R.; Song, Y. F. Size sensitivity of supported palladium species on layered double hydroxides for the electro-oxidation dehydrogenation of hydrazine: From nanoparticles to nanoclusters and single atoms. ACS Catal. 2022, 12, 10711–10717.

Jin, T.; Han, Q. Q.; Wang, Y. J.; Jiao, L. F. 1D nanomaterials: Design, synthesis, and applications in sodium-ion batteries. Small 2018, 14, 1703086.

Garnett, E.; Mai, L. Q.; Yang, P. D. Introduction: 1D nanomaterials/nanowires. Chem. Rev. 2019, 119, 8955–8957.

Chen, F.; Yang, F.; Sheng, C.; Li, J. Z.; Xu, H.; Qing, Y.; Chen, S.; Wu, Y. Q.; Lu, X. H. Electronic structure modulation of nickel hydroxide porous nanowire arrays via manganese doping for urea-assisted energy-efficient hydrogen generation. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2022, 626, 445–452.

Mao, J. J.; Chen, W. X.; He, D. S.; Wan, J. W.; Pei, J. J.; Dong, J. C.; Wang, Y.; An, P. F.; Jin, Z.; Xing, W. et al. Design of ultrathin Pt-Mo-Ni nanowire catalysts for ethanol electrooxidation. Sci. Adv. 2017, 3, e1603068.

Yu, Z. Y.; Lang, C. C.; Gao, M. R.; Chen, Y.; Fu, Q. Q.; Duan, Y.; Yu, S. H. Ni-Mo-O nanorod-derived composite catalysts for efficient alkaline water-to-hydrogen conversion via urea electrolysis. Energy Environ. Sci. 2018, 11, 1890–1897.

Ning, S. B.; Ou, H. H.; Li, Y. G.; Lv, C. C.; Wang, S. F.; Wang, D. S.; Ye, J. H. Co⁰–Co ^{δ +} interface double-site-mediated C–C coupling for the photothermal conversion of CO₂ into light olefins. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202302253.

Qiu, W. B.; Qin, S. M.; Li, Y. B.; Cao, N.; Cui, W. R.; Zhang, Z. D.; Zhuang, Z. C.; Wang, D. S.; Zhang, Y. Overcoming electrostatic interaction via pulsed electroreduction for boosting the electrocatalytic urea synthesis. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202402684.

Zhang, Y. D.; Sun, Y. J.; Wang, Q. Y.; Zhuang, Z. C.; Ma, Z. T.; Liu, L. M.; Wang, G. M.; Wang, D. S.; Zheng, X. S. Synergy of photogenerated electrons and holes toward efficient photocatalytic urea synthesis from CO₂ and N₂. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202405637.

Tan, C. L.; Cao, X. H.; Wu, X. J.; He, Q. Y.; Yang, J.; Zhang, X.; Chen, J. Z.; Zhao, W.; Han, S. K.; Nam, G. H. et al. Recent advances in ultrathin two-dimensional nanomaterials. Chem. Rev. 2017, 117, 6225–6331.

Yang, J. R.; Zhu, C. X.; Wang, D. S. A simple organo-electrocatalysis system for the chlor-related industry. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202406883.

Jiang, H.; Bu, S. Y.; Gao, Q. L.; Long, J.; Wang, P. F.; Lee, C. S.; Zhang, W. J. Ultrathin two-dimensional nickel-organic framework nanosheets for efficient electrocatalytic urea oxidation. Mater. Today Energy 2022, 27, 101024.

Hao, J.; Liu, J. W.; Wu, D.; Chen, M. X.; Liang, Y.; Wang, Q.; Wang, L.; Fu, X. Z.; Luo, J. L. In situ facile fabrication of Ni(OH)₂ nanosheet arrays for electrocatalytic co-production of formate and hydrogen from methanol in alkaline solution. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2021, 281, 119510.

Zhang, J. F.; Gong, W. B.; Yin, H. J.; Wang, D. D.; Zhang, Y. X.; Zhang, H. M.; Wang, G. Z.; Zhao, H. J. In situ growth of ultrathin Ni(OH)₂ nanosheets as catalyst for electrocatalytic oxidation reactions. ChemSusChem 2021, 14, 2935–2942.

Zhu, Y. J.; Liu, C.; Cui, S. W.; Lu, Z. R.; Ye, J. Y.; Wen, Y. Z.; Shi, W. J.; Huang, X. X.; Xue, L. Y.; Bian, J. J. et al. Multistep dissolution of lamellar crystals generates superthin amorphous Ni(OH)₂ catalyst for UOR. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2301549.

Liu, N. Y.; Wu, R. Q.; Liu, Y. X.; Liu, Y. L.; Deng, P. J.; Li, Y. X.; Du, Y. C.; Cheng, Y. Y.; Zhuang, Z. C.; Kang, Z. H. et al. Oxygen vacancy engineering of Fe-doped NiMoO₄ for electrocatalytic N₂ fixation to NH₃. Inorg. Chem. 2023, 62, 11990–12000.

Zhuang, C. Q.; Chang, Y.; Li, W. M.; Li, S. J.; Xu, P.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, Y. H.; Zhang, C.; Gao, J. F.; Chen, G. et al. Light-induced variation of lithium coordination environment in g-C₃N₄ nanosheet for highly efficient oxygen reduction reactions. ACS Nano 2024, 18, 5206–5217.

Zhuang, C. Q.; Li, W. M.; Chang, Y.; Li, S. J.; Zhang, Y. H.; Li, Y. L.; Gao, J. F.; Chen, G.; Kang, Z. H. Coordination environment dominated catalytic selectivity of photocatalytic hydrogen and oxygen reduction over switchable gallium and nitrogen active sites. J. Mater. Chem. A 2024, 12, 5711–5718.

Lv, L. Y.; Tan, H.; Kong, Y.; Tang, B.; Ji, Q. Q.; Liu, Y. Y.; Wang, C.; Zhuang, Z. C.; Wang, H. J.; Ge, M. et al. Breaking the scaling relationship in C-N coupling via the doping effects for efficient urea electrosynthesis. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202401943.

Gan, T.; Wang, D. S. Atomically dispersed materials: Ideal catalysts in atomic era. Nano Res. 2024, 17, 18–38.

Qi, Z. J.; Zhou, Y.; Guan, R. N.; Fu, Y. S.; Baek, J. B. Tuning the coordination environment of carbon-based single-atom catalysts via doping with multiple heteroatoms and their applications in electrocatalysis. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2210575.

Wang, S. S.; Zhao, K.; Chen, Z.; Wang, L.; Qi, Z. H.; Hao, J. H.; Shi, W. D. New insights into cations effect in oxygen evolution reaction. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 433, 133518.

Wu, X.; Tong, Z.; Liu, Y. L.; Li, Y. X.; Cheng, Y. Y.; Yu, J. W.; Cao, P.; Zhuang, C. Q.; Shi, Q. Z.; Liu, N. Y. et al. Modification of the CuO electronic structure for enhanced selective electrochemical CO₂ reduction to ethylene. Nano Res. 2024, 17, 7194–7202.

Zhao, C. X.; Wang, H. F.; Li, B. Q.; Zhang, Q. Multianion transition metal compounds: Synthesis, regulation, and electrocatalytic applications. Acc. Mater. Res. 2021, 2, 1082–1092.

Wang, S. C.; Zhang, M. Y.; Mu, X. Q.; Liu, S. L.; Wang, D. S.; Dai, Z. H. Atomically dispersed multi-site catalysts: Bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts boost flexible zinc-air battery performance. Energy Environ. Sci. 2024, 17, 4847–4870.

Han, A. L.; Sun, W. M.; Wan, X.; Cai, D. D.; Wang, X. J.; Li, F.; Shui, J. L.; Wang, D. S. Construction of Co₄ atomic clusters to enable Fe-N₄ motifs with highly active and durable oxygen reduction performance. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202303185.

Zhang, Y. F.; Liu, L. S.; Li, Y. X.; Mu, X. Q.; Mu, S. C.; Liu, S. L.; Dai, Z. H. Strong synergy between physical and chemical properties: Insight into optimization of atomically dispersed oxygen reduction catalysts. J. Energy Chem. 2024, 91, 36–49.

Zhang, A.; Liang, Y. X.; Zhang, H.; Geng, Z. G.; Zeng, J. Doping regulation in transition metal compounds for electrocatalysis. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2021, 50, 9817–9844.

Liu, Y. L.; Zhuang, Z. C.; Liu, Y. X.; Liu, N. Y.; Li, Y. X.; Cheng, Y. Y.; Yu, J. W.; Yu, R. H.; Li, H. T.; Wang, D. S. Shear-strained Pd single-atom electrocatalysts for nitrate reduction to ammonia. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202411396.

Wang, J.; Teschner, D.; Yao, Y. Y.; Huang, X.; Willinger, M.; Shao, L. D.; Schlögl, R. Fabrication of nanoscale NiO/Ni heterostructures as electrocatalysts for efficient methanol oxidation. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 9946–9951.

Guan, S. Y.; Yuan, Z. L.; Zhuang, Z. C.; Zhang, H. H.; Wen, H.; Fan, Y. P.; Li, B. J.; Wang, D. S.; Liu, B. Z. Why do single-atom alloys catalysts outperform both single-atom catalysts and nanocatalysts on MXene. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202316550.

Yang, J. R.; Zhu, C. X.; Li, W. H.; Zheng, X. S.; Wang, D. S. Organocatalyst supported by a single-atom support accelerates both electrodes used in the chlor-alkali industry via modification of non-covalent interactions. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202314382.

Wang, X. Y.; Pan, Y. Z.; Yang, J. R.; Li, W. H.; Gan, T.; Pan, Y. M.; Tang, H. T.; Wang, D. S. Single-atom iron catalyst as an advanced redox mediator for anodic oxidation of organic electrosynthesis. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202404295.

Tao, Y.; Guan, J. P.; Zhang, J.; Hu, S. Y.; Ma, R. Z.; Zheng, H. R.; Gong, J. X.; Zhuang, Z. C.; Liu, S. J.; Ou, H. H. et al. Ruthenium single atomic sites surrounding the support pit with exceptional photocatalytic activity. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202400625.

Zhu, C. X.; Yang, J. R.; Zhang, J. W.; Wang, X. Q.; Gao, Y.; Wang, D. S.; Pan, H. G. Single-atom materials: The application in energy conversion. Interdiscip. Mater. 2024, 3, 74–86.

Liang, X.; Fu, N. H.; Yao, S. C.; Li, Z.; Li, Y. D. The progress and outlook of metal single-atom-site catalysis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144, 18155–18174.

Wang, S. W.; Wang, L. G.; Wang, D. S.; Li, Y. D. Recent advances of single-atom catalysts in CO₂ conversion. Energy Environ. Sci. 2023, 16, 2759–2803.

Zhang, Z. D.; Zhu, J. X.; Chen, S. H.; Sun, W. M.; Wang, D. S. Liquid fluxional Ga single atom catalysts for efficient electrochemical CO₂ reduction. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202215136.

Chen, S. H.; Ye, C. L.; Wang, Z. W.; Li, P.; Jiang, W. J.; Zhuang, Z. C.; Zhu, J. X.; Zheng, X. B.; Zaman, S.; Ou, H. H. et al. Selective CO₂ reduction to ethylene mediated by adaptive small-molecule engineering of copper-based electrocatalysts. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202315621.

Tang, H. T.; Zhou, H. Y.; Pan, Y. M.; Zhang, J. L.; Cui, F. H.; Li, W. H.; Wang, D. S. Single-atom manganese-catalyzed oxygen evolution drives the electrochemical oxidation of silane to silanol. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202315032.

Chen, Y. J.; Jiang, B.; Hao, H. G.; Li, H. J.; Qiu, C. Y.; Liang, X.; Qu, Q. Y.; Zhang, Z. D.; Gao, R.; Duan, D. M. et al. Atomic-level regulation of cobalt single-atom nanozymes: Engineering high-efficiency catalase mimics. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202301879.

Hu, Y. M.; Chao, T. T.; Li, Y. P.; Liu, P. G.; Zhao, T. H.; Yu, G.; Chen, C.; Liang, X.; Jin, H. L.; Niu, S. W. et al. Cooperative Ni(Co)-Ru-P sites activate dehydrogenation for hydrazine oxidation assisting self-powered H₂ production. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202308800.

Ma, G.; Zhang, X. Y.; Zhou, G. F.; Wang, X. Hydrogen production from methanol reforming electrolysis at NiO nanosheets supported Pt nanoparticles. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 411, 128292.

Wu, Q.; Gao, Q. P.; Sun, L. M.; Guo, H. M.; Tai, X. S.; Li, D.; Liu, L.; Ling, C. Y.; Sun, X. P. Facilitating active species by decorating CeO₂ on Ni₃S₂ nanosheets for efficient water oxidation electrocatalysis. Chin. J. Catal. 2021, 42, 482–489.

Sun, Y.; Wang, J.; Qi, Y. F.; Li, W. J.; Wang, C. Efficient electrooxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural using Co-doped Ni₃S₂ catalyst: Promising for H₂ production under industrial-level current density. Adv. Sci. 2022, 9, 2200957.

Wang, H. N.; Guan, A. X.; Zhang, J. B.; Mi, Y. Y.; Li, S.; Yuan, T. T.; Jing, C.; Zhang, L. J.; Zhang, L. J.; Zheng, G. F. Copper-doped nickel oxyhydroxide for efficient electrocatalytic ethanol oxidation. Chin. J. Catal. 2022, 43, 1478–1484.

Wang, L. P.; Zhu, Y. J.; Wen, Y. Z.; Li, S. Y.; Cui, C. Y.; Ni, F. L.; Liu, Y. X.; Lin, H. P.; Li, Y. Y.; Peng, H. S. et al. Regulating the local charge distribution of Ni active sites for the urea oxidation reaction. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 10577–10582.

Qin, H. Y.; Ye, Y. K.; Li, J. H.; Jia, W. Q.; Zheng, S. Y.; Cao, X. J.; Lin, G. L.; Jiao, L. F. Synergistic engineering of doping and vacancy in Ni(OH)₂ to boost urea electrooxidation. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2209698.

Zhao, K.; Yang, W. S.; Li, L. H.; Wang, S. S.; Wang, L.; Qi, Z. H.; Yang, Y. G.; Chen, Z.; Zhuang, J. W.; Hao, J. H. et al. Discharge induced-activation of phosphorus-doped nickel oxyhydroxide for oxygen evolution reaction. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 435, 135049.

Zhang, L. L.; Chang, Q. W.; Chen, H. M.; Shao, M. H. Recent advances in palladium-based electrocatalysts for fuel cell reactions and hydrogen evolution reaction. Nano Energy 2016, 29, 198–219.

Lei, H.; Ma, L.; Wan, Q. X.; Tan, S. Z.; Yang, B.; Wang, Z. L.; Mai, W. J.; Fan, H. J. Promoting surface reconstruction of NiFe layered double hydroxide for enhanced oxygen evolution. Adv. Energy Mater. 2022, 12, 2202522.

Zhu, X. J.; Dou, X. Y.; Dai, J.; An, X. D.; Guo, Y. Q.; Zhang, L. D.; Tao, S.; Zhao, J. Y.; Chu, W. S.; Zeng, X. C. et al. Metallic nickel hydroxide nanosheets give superior electrocatalytic oxidation of urea for fuel cells. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 12465–12469.

Xu, X. F.; Ullah, H.; Humayun, M.; Li, L. F.; Zhang, X.; Bououdina, M.; Debecker, D. P.; Huo, K. F.; Wang, D. L.; Wang, C. D. Fluorinated Ni–O–C heterogeneous catalyst for efficient urea-assisted hydrogen production. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2303986.

Yang, S. X.; Xiang, X. P.; He, Z. Y.; Zhong, W. Y.; Jia, C. H.; Gong, Z. H.; Zhang, N.; Zhao, S. J.; Chen, Y. Anionic defects engineering of NiCo₂O₄ for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural electrooxidation. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 457, 141344.

Xie, H.; Feng, Y. F.; He, X. Y.; Zhu, Y.; Li, Z. Y.; Liu, H. H.; Zeng, S. Y.; Qian, Q. Z.; Zhang, G. Q. Construction of nitrogen-doped biphasic transition-metal sulfide nanosheet electrode for energy-efficient hydrogen production via urea electrolysis. Small 2023, 19, 2207425.

Mu, X. Q.; Liu, S. L.; Zhang, M. Y.; Zhuang, Z. C.; Chen, D.; Liao, Y. R.; Zhao, H. Y.; Mu, S. C.; Wang, D. S.; Dai, Z. H. Symmetry-broken Ru nanoparticles with parasitic Ru-Co dual-single atoms overcome the volmer step of alkaline hydrogen oxidation. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202319618.

Wang, Y.; Wu, J.; Tang, S. H.; Yang, J. R.; Ye, C. L.; Chen, J.; Lei, Y. P.; Wang, D. S. Synergistic Fe–Se atom pairs as bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts boost low-temperature rechargeable Zn-air battery. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202219191.

Qiao, S. C.; Shou, H. W.; Xu, W. J.; Cao, Y. Y.; Zhou, Y. Z.; Wang, Z. X.; Wu, X. J.; He, Q.; Song, L. Regulating and identifying the structures of PdAu alloys with splendid oxygen reduction activity for rechargeable zinc-air batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 2023, 16, 5842–5851.

Ji, Z. J.; Song, Y. J.; Zhao, S. H.; Li, Y.; Liu, J.; Hu, W. P. Pathway manipulation via Ni, Co, and V ternary synergism to realize high efficiency for urea electrocatalytic oxidation. ACS Catal. 2022, 12, 569–579.

Wang, P. T.; Bai, X. W.; Jin, H. Y.; Gao, X. T.; Davey, K.; Zheng, Y.; Jiao, Y.; Qiao, S. Z. Directed urea-to-nitrite electrooxidation via tuning intermediate adsorption on Co, Ge Co-doped Ni sites. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2300687.

Feng, C.; Lv, M. Y.; Shao, J. X.; Wu, H. Y.; Zhou, W. L.; Qi, S.; Deng, C.; Chai, X. Y.; Yang, H. P.; Hu, Q. et al. Lattice strain engineering of Ni₂P enables efficient catalytic hydrazine oxidation-assisted hydrogen production. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2305598.

Zhou, S. Q.; Zhao, Y. X.; Shi, R.; Wang, Y. C.; Ashok, A.; Héraly, F.; Zhang, T.; Yuan, J. Y. Vacancy-rich MXene-immobilized Ni single atoms as a high-performance electrocatalyst for the hydrazine oxidation reaction. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2204388.

Yang, M.; Liu, Y. Y.; Ge, W. Y.; Liu, Z. R. Enhanced electrocatalytic activity of sulfur and tungsten Co-doped nickel hydroxide nanosheets for urea oxidation. Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 2023, 665, 131226.

Kim, M.; Min, K.; Ko, D.; Seong, H.; Shim, S. E.; Baeck, S. H. Regulating the electronic structure of Ni₂P by one-step Co, N dual-doping for boosting electrocatalytic performance toward oxygen evolution reaction and urea oxidation reaction. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2023, 650, 1851–1861.

Wang, W. X.; Xiong, F. Y.; Zhu, S. H.; Chen, J. H.; Xie, J.; An, Q. Y. Defect engineering in molybdenum-based electrode materials for energy storage. eScience 2022, 2, 278–294.

Guo, D. X.; Wang, S.; Xu, J.; Zheng, W. J.; Wang, D. H. Defect and interface engineering for electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction under ambient conditions. J. Energy Chem. 2022, 65, 448–468.

Xiao, H. B.; Chi, K.; Yin, H. X.; Zhou, X. J.; Lei, P. X.; Liu, P. Z.; Fang, J. K.; Li, X. H.; Yuan, S. L.; Zhang, Z. et al. Excess activity tuned by distorted tetrahedron in CoMoO₄ for oxygen evolution. Energy Environ. Mater. 2022, 7, e12495.

Zheng, Y. F.; Fu, K. X.; Yu, Z. H.; Su, Y.; Han, R.; Liu, Q. L. Oxygen vacancies in a catalyst for VOCs oxidation: Synthesis, characterization, and catalytic effects. J. Mater. Chem. A 2022, 10, 14171–14186.

Sun, K. S.; Pang, J. X.; Zheng, Y.; Xing, F. Y.; Jiang, R.; Min, J.; Ye, J. H.; Wang, L. P.; Luo, Y.; Gu, T. T. et al. Oxygen vacancies enriched MOF-derived MnO/C hybrids for high-performance aqueous zinc ion battery. J. Alloys Compd. 2022, 923, 166470.

Yu, X.; Hu, C. W.; Ji, P. X.; Ren, Y. M.; Zhao, H. Y.; Liu, G.; Xu, R.; Zhu, X. D.; Li, Z. Q.; Ma, Y. Q. et al. Optically transparent ultrathin NiCo alloy oxide film: Precise oxygen vacancy modulation and control for enhanced electrocatalysis of water oxidation. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2022, 310, 121301.

Gong, Z. H.; Zhong, W. Y.; He, Z. Y.; Liu, Q. Y.; Chen, H. J.; Zhou, D.; Zhang, N.; Kang, X. W.; Chen, Y. Regulating surface oxygen species on copper(I) oxides via plasma treatment for effective reduction of nitrate to ammonia. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2022, 305, 121021.

Rao, P.; Wu, D. X.; Wang, T. J.; Li, J.; Deng, P. L.; Chen, Q.; Shen, Y. J.; Chen, Y.; Tian, X. L. Single atomic cobalt electrocatalyst for efficient oxygen reduction reaction. eScience 2022, 2, 399–404.

Li, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Feng, Y.; Cheng, C. Q.; Qiu, K. W.; Dong, C. K.; Liu, H.; Du, X. W. Co₃O₄ nanoparticles with ultrasmall size and abundant oxygen vacancies for boosting oxygen involved reactions. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1903444.

Tong, Y.; Chen, P. Z.; Zhang, M. X.; Zhou, T. P.; Zhang, L. D.; Chu, W. S.; Wu, C. Z.; Xie, Y. Oxygen vacancies confined in nickel molybdenum oxide porous nanosheets for promoted electrocatalytic urea oxidation. ACS Catal. 2018, 8, 1–7.

Liu, J. B.; Tao, S. Y. Laser Promoting oxygen vacancies generation in alloy via Mo for HMF electrochemical oxidation. Adv. Sci. 2023, 10, 2302641.

Peng, L. S.; Yang, N.; Yang, Y. Q.; Wang, Q.; Xie, X. Y.; Sun-Waterhouse, D.; Shang, L.; Zhang, T. R.; Waterhouse, G. I. N. Atomic cation-vacancy engineering of NiFe-layered double hydroxides for improved activity and stability towards the oxygen evolution reaction. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 24612–24619.

Ge, J. J.; Zheng, J. Y.; Zhang, J. W.; Jiang, S. Y.; Zhang, L. L.; Wan, H.; Wang, L. M.; Ma, W.; Zhou, Z.; Ma, R. Z. Controllable atomic defect engineering in layered Ni _x Fe_{1− x} (OH)₂ nanosheets for electrochemical overall water splitting. J. Mater. Chem. A 2021, 9, 14432–14443.

Han, W. K.; Wei, J. X.; Xiao, K.; Ouyang, T.; Peng, X. W.; Zhao, S. L.; Liu, Z. Q. Activating lattice oxygen in layered lithium oxides through cation vacancies for enhanced urea electrolysis. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202206050.

Qi, Y. F.; Wang, K. Y.; Sun, Y.; Wang, J.; Wang, C. Engineering the electronic structure of NiFe layered double hydroxide nanosheet array by implanting cationic vacancies for efficient electrochemical conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2022, 10, 645–654.

Zheng, J. X.; Peng, X. F.; Xu, Z.; Gong, J. B.; Wang, Z. Cationic defect engineering in spinel NiCo₂O₄ for enhanced electrocatalytic oxygen evolution. ACS Catal. 2022, 12, 10245–10254.

Luo, M. H.; Sun, W. P.; Xu, B. B.; Pan, H. G.; Jiang, Y. Z. Interface engineering of air electrocatalysts for rechargeable zinc-air batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2021, 11, 2002762.

Lu, Y. X.; Dong, C. L.; Huang, Y. C.; Zou, Y. Q.; Liu, Y. B.; Li, Y. Y.; Zhang, N. N.; Chen, W.; Zhou, L.; Lin, H. Z. et al. Hierarchically nanostructured NiO-Co₃O₄ with rich interface defects for the electro-oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Sci. China Chem. 2020, 63, 980–986.

Zeng, M.; Wu, J. H.; Li, Z. Y.; Wu, H. H.; Wang, J. L.; Wang, H. L.; He, L.; Yang, X. J. Interlayer effect in NiCo layered double hydroxide for promoted electrocatalytic urea oxidation. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2019, 7, 4777–4783.

Zhou, Q. X.; Xu, C. X.; Hou, J. G.; Ma, W. Q.; Jian, T. Z.; Yan, S. S.; Liu, H. Duplex interpenetrating-phase FeNiZn and FeNi₃ heterostructure with low-Gibbs free energy interface coupling for highly efficient overall water splitting. Nano-Micro Lett. 2023, 15, 95.

Liu, Y.; Xing, Y. Y.; Xu, S. J.; Lu, Y. K.; Sun, S. C.; Jiang, D. L. Interfacing Co₃Mo with CoMoO _x for synergistically boosting electrocatalytic hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 431, 133240.

Zhou, H. B.; Zhang, D. X.; Dong, W. X.; Zhou, C. X.; Jiang, T. Y.; Liu, Y. S.; Tian, C. G.; Liu, Y. H.; Liu, Y.; Mao, B. D. Stainless steel mesh-based CoSe/Ni₃Se₄ heterostructure for efficient electrocatalytic overall water splitting. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2023, 48, 14554–14564.

Liu, N. Y.; Liu, Y. X.; Liu, Y. L.; Li, Y. X.; Cheng, Y. Y.; Li, H. T. Modulation of photogenerated holes for enhanced photoelectrocatalytic performance. Microstructures 2023, 3, 2023001.

He, C. H.; Liu, Q. Q.; Wang, H. M.; Xia, C. F.; Li, F. M.; Guo, W.; Xia, B. Y. Regulating reversible oxygen electrocatalysis by built-in electric field of heterojunction electrocatalyst with modified d-band. Small 2023, 19, 2207474.

Tong, Z.; Liu, Y. L.; Wu, X.; Cheng, Y. Y.; Yu, J. W.; Zhang, X. Y.; Liu, N. Y.; Liu, X.; Li, H. T. Carbon quantum dots/Cu₂O photocatalyst for room temperature selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol. Nanomaterials, 2024, 14, 212.

Zheng, D.; Yu, L. H.; Liu, W. X.; Dai, X. J.; Niu, X. X.; Fu, W. Q.; Shi, W. H.; Wu, F. F.; Cao, X. H. Structural advantages and enhancement strategies of heterostructure water-splitting electrocatalysts. Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 2021, 2, 100443.

Qi, Y. B.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, L.; Zhao, Y. H.; Zhu, Y. H.; Jiang, H. L.; Li, C. Z. Insights into the activity of nickel boride/nickel heterostructures for efficient methanol electrooxidation. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 4602.

Qian, Q. Z.; Zhang, J. H.; Li, J. M.; Li, Y. P.; Jin, X.; Zhu, Y.; Liu, Y.; Li, Z. Y.; El-Harairy, A.; Xiao, C. et al. Artificial heterointerfaces achieve delicate reaction kinetics towards hydrogen evolution and hydrazine oxidation catalysis. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 5984–5993.

Luo, R. P.; Li, Y. Y.; Xing, L. X.; Wang, N.; Zhong, R. Y.; Qian, Z. Y.; Du, C. Y.; Yin, G. P.; Wang, Y. C.; Du, L. A dynamic Ni(OH)₂-NiOOH/NiFeP heterojunction enabling high-performance E-upgrading of hydroxymethylfurfural. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2022, 311, 121357.