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This study explores the emerging multifunctional applications of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) in cancer treatment, specifically focusing on photodynamic/photothermal therapy (PDT/PTT) and hyperthermia therapy. GQDs are a nanoscale carbon-based material with remarkable optical and thermal properties that hold considerable promise for various biomedical applications, particularly in cancer therapy. The review also focuses on emphasizing the importance of continued research and development in GQD synthesis, functionalization, and delivery systems. With their unique properties and multifaceted nature, GQDs offer promising opportunities for advancing cancer therapeutics toward more effective and targeted treatments. We discuss current trends and discrimination of GQD-based PDT/PTT strategies, showcasing the diverse techniques and approaches employed to maximize their therapeutic benefits. Furthermore, we elaborate on the critical dilemmas in the discrimination of GQD-based PDT/PTT strategies in clinical settings. Advancements in GQD-based PDT/PTT have the potential to significantly improve treatment efficacies and reduce side effects in cancer therapy.
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