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Nano Biomedicine and Engineering 2024, 16(2): 219-231 https://doi.org/10.26599/NBE.2024.9290059
Review | Open Access | Issue | Published: 05 January 2024

Graphene-based Nanomaterials: Uses, Environmental Fate, and Human Health Hazards

Show Author's Information Heidi N du Preez1,2( ),  Matthew Halma3
Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
EbMC Squared CIC, Bath BA2 4BL, UK
Keywords:
graphene, graphene oxide, nanotechnology, cytotoxicity
Cite this article:
du Preez HN, Halma M. Graphene-based Nanomaterials: Uses, Environmental Fate, and Human Health Hazards. Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, 2024, 16(2): 219-231. https://doi.org/10.26599/NBE.2024.9290059
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Abstract Full text About this article

Graphene-based materials (GBMs) possess remarkable physiochemical properties, making them promising for diverse applications in biomedicine, agriculture, food, and industrial applications. Human and environmental exposure to GBMs is increasing at an unprecedented rate, yet there is still a knowledge gap regarding the safety of GBMs. This review summarizes the physiochemical properties of GBMs and critically examines the possible effects of GBMs, both at the level of molecular mechanism and at the level of the organism. While oxidative stress-mediated cell damage has been proposed as a primary cytotoxicity mechanism for GBMs, various in vivo biodistribution and cytotoxicity mechanisms are also highlighted. This review of the literature provides an overview of the cytotoxicity of GBMs, raising concerns about their widespread application with potential hazardous consequences on the environment and in human health.


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About this article

Graphene-based Nanomaterials: Uses, Environmental Fate, and Human Health Hazards

Show Author's information Heidi N du Preez1,2( ), Matthew Halma3
Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
EbMC Squared CIC, Bath BA2 4BL, UK

Abstract

Graphene-based materials (GBMs) possess remarkable physiochemical properties, making them promising for diverse applications in biomedicine, agriculture, food, and industrial applications. Human and environmental exposure to GBMs is increasing at an unprecedented rate, yet there is still a knowledge gap regarding the safety of GBMs. This review summarizes the physiochemical properties of GBMs and critically examines the possible effects of GBMs, both at the level of molecular mechanism and at the level of the organism. While oxidative stress-mediated cell damage has been proposed as a primary cytotoxicity mechanism for GBMs, various in vivo biodistribution and cytotoxicity mechanisms are also highlighted. This review of the literature provides an overview of the cytotoxicity of GBMs, raising concerns about their widespread application with potential hazardous consequences on the environment and in human health.

Keywords: graphene, graphene oxide, nanotechnology, cytotoxicity

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Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Rights and permissions

Publication history

Received: 21 September 2023
Revised: 10 October 2023
Accepted: 30 October 2023
Published: 05 January 2024
Issue date: June 2024

Copyright

© The Author(s) 2024.

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

We thank Maggie Zhou for sharing her knowledge on the biodegradation of graphene-based materials.

Rights and permissions

This is an open-access article distributed under  the  terms  of  the  Creative  Commons  Attribution  4.0 International  License (CC BY) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which  permits  unrestricted  use,  distribution,  and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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