Journal Home > Volume 15 , Issue 3
Nano Biomedicine and Engineering 2023, 15(3): 278-287 https://doi.org/10.26599/NBE.2023.9290022
Research Article | Open Access | Issue | Published: 01 August 2023

Antibacterial Activity and Characterization of Chitosan Nanoparticles Prepared from Hijau Lumut Banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) Peel Ethyl Acetate Extract

Show Author's Information Wiwik Susanah Rita( ),  Ni Kadek Linda Erika Yanti,  I. Made Dira Swantara
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
Keywords:
nanoparticle, chitosan, antibacterial activity, Staphylococcus aureus, banana peel, Escherichia coli
Cite this article:
Rita WS, Yanti NKLE, Swantara IMD. Antibacterial Activity and Characterization of Chitosan Nanoparticles Prepared from Hijau Lumut Banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) Peel Ethyl Acetate Extract. Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, 2023, 15(3): 278-287. https://doi.org/10.26599/NBE.2023.9290022
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

567

Views

82

Downloads

Citations

0

Crossref

N/A

WoS

0

Scopus

N/A

CSCD

Abstract Full text About this article

Peels of Hijau lumut banana (HLB) (Musa paradisiaca L.) are a form of organic waste that has not been widely utilized. This study was conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate extract of HLB peels and that of their nanoparticles at various concentrations of chitosan against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. It was also aimed to characterize the most active nanoparticles. Extraction of HLB peels was carried out by maceration and partitioning methods. Ionic gelation was applied to synthesize nanoparticles using chitosan crosslinked with sodium tripolyphosphate (NaTPP). Antibacterial activity assay was carried out by the agar diffusion well method. The nanoparticles were characterized by the following analyses: determination of their size distribution and zeta potential by a particle size analyzer, and of their morphology by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, phytochemical screening to determine secondary metabolite contents, determination of retention factor values and staining patterns by thin-layer chromatography, ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometry to confirm nanoparticle formation, and determination of the characteristics of their functional groups by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry. The antibacterial activity assay showed that the nanoparticles exhibited a stronger antibacterial activity than the ethyl acetate extract, with chitosan at a concentration of 1% being associated with the highest activity. In terms of their morphology, the nanoparticles were amorphous (non-uniform), while they absorbed UV–Vis at 385 nm and had the following functional groups: —OH, —NH, —CH, and P—O. This study revealed that these nanoparticles exert antibacterial effects and the secondary metabolites were encapsulated via crosslinking between chitosan and NaTPP.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article

Antibacterial Activity and Characterization of Chitosan Nanoparticles Prepared from Hijau Lumut Banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) Peel Ethyl Acetate Extract

Show Author's information Wiwik Susanah Rita( ), Ni Kadek Linda Erika Yanti, I. Made Dira Swantara
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia

Abstract

Peels of Hijau lumut banana (HLB) (Musa paradisiaca L.) are a form of organic waste that has not been widely utilized. This study was conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate extract of HLB peels and that of their nanoparticles at various concentrations of chitosan against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. It was also aimed to characterize the most active nanoparticles. Extraction of HLB peels was carried out by maceration and partitioning methods. Ionic gelation was applied to synthesize nanoparticles using chitosan crosslinked with sodium tripolyphosphate (NaTPP). Antibacterial activity assay was carried out by the agar diffusion well method. The nanoparticles were characterized by the following analyses: determination of their size distribution and zeta potential by a particle size analyzer, and of their morphology by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, phytochemical screening to determine secondary metabolite contents, determination of retention factor values and staining patterns by thin-layer chromatography, ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometry to confirm nanoparticle formation, and determination of the characteristics of their functional groups by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry. The antibacterial activity assay showed that the nanoparticles exhibited a stronger antibacterial activity than the ethyl acetate extract, with chitosan at a concentration of 1% being associated with the highest activity. In terms of their morphology, the nanoparticles were amorphous (non-uniform), while they absorbed UV–Vis at 385 nm and had the following functional groups: —OH, —NH, —CH, and P—O. This study revealed that these nanoparticles exert antibacterial effects and the secondary metabolites were encapsulated via crosslinking between chitosan and NaTPP.

Keywords: nanoparticle, chitosan, antibacterial activity, Staphylococcus aureus, banana peel, Escherichia coli

References(38)

[1]

S.W. Maya, G. Citraningtyas, W.A. Lolo. Phytochemical screening and antipyretic effect of stem juice from kepok banana (Musa paradisiaca L) on white male rats stain wistar (Rattus norvegicus) induced with DTP-Hb. Pharmacon, 2015, 4(1): 21−29.
Google Scholar
[2]

W.S. Rita, N.K.L.E. Yanti,. W.G. Gunawan. Uji aktivitas antibakteri kulit Pisang Hijau Lumut (Musa x paradisiaca L.) terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli serta identifikasi golongan senyawa metabolit sekunder. Jurnal Kimia (Journal of Chemistry), 2021, 15(2): 131−139. https://doi.org/10.24843/JCHEM.2021.v15.i02.p02
DOI Google Scholar
[3]
W.S. Rita, I.M.D. Swantara, I.A.R.A. Asih, et al. Total flavonoid and phenolic contents of n-butanol extract of Samanea saman leaf and the antibacterial activity towards Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2016, 1718(1): 060005.
DOI
[4]

R.L Vifta, F.P. Luhurningtyas. Nanoparticle from Medinilla speciosa with Various of encapsulating agent and their antioxidant activities using ferric reducing assay. Indonesian Journal of Cancer Chemoprevention, 2020, 11(1): 22−29. https://doi.org/10.14499/indonesianjcanchemoprev11iss1pp22-29
DOI Google Scholar
[5]

A.P. Bhosale, A. Patil, M. Swami. Herbosomes as a novel drug delivery system for absorption enhancement. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016, 5: 345−355.
Google Scholar
[6]

R. Sharma, J. Hazra, P.K. Prajapati. Nanophytomedicines: A novel approach to improve drug delivery and pharmacokinetics of herbal medicine. Bio Bulletin, 2017, 3: 132−135.
Google Scholar
[7]

N. Nurmalia, Y. Sedarnawati, Y. Sri. Sintesis nanopartikel ekstrak kulit manggis merah Dan kajian sifat fungsional produk enkapsulasinya. Jurnal Teknologi Dan Industri Pangan, 2017, 28(1): 27−35. https://doi.org/10.6066/jtip.2017.28.1.27
DOI Google Scholar
[8]

A. Verma, S.P. Gautam, K.K. Bansal, et al. Review green nanotechnology: Advancement in phytoformulation research. Medicines, 2019, 6(1): E39. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines6010039
DOI Google Scholar
[9]

S. Nyoni, E. Muzenda, N. Mukaratirwa-Muchanyereyi. Characterization and evaluation of antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles prepared from sclerocarya birrea stem bark and leaf extracts. Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, 2019, 11(1): 28−34. https://doi.org/10.5101/nbe.v11i1.p28-34
DOI Google Scholar
[10]

S. Kumar, V. Sharma, J.K. Pradhan, et al. Structural, optical and antibacterial response of CaO nanoparticles synthesized via direct precipitation technique. Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, 2021, 13(2): 172−178. https://doi.org/10.5101/nbe.v13i2.p172-178
DOI Google Scholar
[11]

A. Rampino, M. Borgogna, P. Blasi, et al. Chitosan nanoparticles: Preparation, size evolution and stability. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2013, 455: 219−228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.07.034
DOI Google Scholar
[12]

K. Divya, M.S. Jisha. Chitosan nanoparticles preparation and applications. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2018, 16: 101−112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-017-0670-y
DOI Google Scholar
[13]

W.S. Rita, I.A.R.A. Asih, I.M.D. Swantara, et al. Antibacterial activity of flavonoids from ethyl acetate extract of milk banana peel (Musa x paradisiaca L.). HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 2021, 28: 223−231. https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.28.3.223
DOI Google Scholar
[14]

D. Fitri, N.Z.W. Kiromah, T.C. Widiastuti. Formulasi dan karakterisasi nanopartikel ektrak etanol daun salam (Syzygium polyanthum) pada berbagai variasi komposisi kitosan dengan metode gelasi ionik. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Clinical Research, 2020, 5(1): 61−69. https://doi.org/10.20961/jpscr.v5i1.39269
DOI Google Scholar
[15]
J.B. Harborne. Phytochemical Methods: A guide to modern technique of plant analysis. 2nd edition. London: Chapman and Hall, 1996: 37–99.
[16]
A. Saifudin, V. Rahayu, H.Y. Teruna. Standardisasi bahan obat alam. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu, 2011: 1–102.
[17]

F.U. Sineke, E. Suryanto, S. Sudewi. Penentuan kandungan fenolik dan sun protection factor (SPF) dari ekstrak etanol dari beberapa tongkol jagung (Zea mays L.). PHARMACON Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 2016, 5: 275−283.
Google Scholar
[18]
A.D. Susanti, D. Ardiana, G.P. Gumelar, et al. Polaritas pelarut sebagai pertimbangan dalam pemilihan pelarut untuk ekstraksi minyak bekatul dari bekatul varietas ketan (Oriza Sativa Glatinosa). In: Proceedings of Simposium Nasional RAPI XI FT UMS, 2012: 8–15.
[19]

E. Rismana, S. Kusumaningrum, O. Bunga, et al. Pengujian aktivitas antiacne nanopartikel kitosan-ekstrak kulit buah manggis (Garcinia mangostana). Media Litbangkes, 2014, 24(1): 19−27.
DOI Google Scholar
[20]
M.H. Kafshgar, M. Khorram, M. Khodadoost, et al. Reinforcement of chitosan nanoparticles obtained by an ionic cross-linking process. Iranian Polymer Journal (English Edition), 2011, 20(5): 445–456.
[21]

T.D. Lam, V.D. Hoang, L.N. Lien. Synthesis and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles used as drug carrier. Journal of Chemistry, 2006, 4: 104−109.
Google Scholar
[22]

M.T. Qurashi, H.S. Blair, S.J. Allen. Studies on modified chitosan membranes. I. Preparation and characterization. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1992, 46(2): 255−261. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070460206
DOI Google Scholar
[23]
R.S. Greco, F.B. Prinz, R.L. Smith. Nanoscale technology in biological system. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2002: 42–58.
[24]

Y.Q. Zhang, M.L. Tao, W.D. Shen, et al. Immobilization of L-asparaginase on the microparticles of the natural silk sericin protein and its characters. Biomaterials, 2004, 25(17): 3751−3759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.10.019
DOI Google Scholar
[25]

Y. Liu, L. Zou, L. Ma, et al. Synthesis and pharmacological activities of xanthone derivatives as α-glucosidase inhibitors. Bioorganic &Medicinal Chemistry, 2006, 14(16): 5683−5690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2006.04.014
DOI Google Scholar
[26]

K.T. Dewandri, S. Yuliani, S. Yasni. Ekstraksi dan karakterisasi nanopartikel ekstrak sirih merah (Piper crocatum). Jurnal Penelitian Pascapanen Pertanian, 2017, 10(2): 58−65. https://doi.org/10.21082/jpasca.v10n2.2013.58-65
DOI Google Scholar
[27]

P. Singh, Y.-J. Kim, D.B. Zhang, et al. Review biological synthesis of nanoparticles from plants and microorganisms. Trends in Biotechnology, 2016, 34: 588−599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.02.006
DOI Google Scholar
[28]

D.S.M. Ayumi. Pembuatan dan Karakterisasi nanopartikel ekstrak etanol daun ekor naga (Rhaphidophora pinnata (L.f.) Schott) menggunakan metode gelasi ionik. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Clinical Research, 2020, 1: 61−69.
DOI Google Scholar
[29]

A.F. Tomaz, S.M.S. de Carvallo, R.C. Barbosa, et al. Ionically crosslinked chitosan membranes used as a drug carriers for cancer therapy application. Materials, 2018, 11: 1−18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11102051
DOI Google Scholar
[30]

A.H. Saberi, Y. Fang, D. McClements. Fabrication of vitamin e-enriched nanoemulsions: Factors affecting particle size using spontaneous emulsification. Journal of Colloid Interface Science, 2013, 391: 95−102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2012.08.069
DOI Google Scholar
[31]
A.Y. Mardani, H. Supriyono. Kajian Produksi Nanopartikel dari Arang Akasia dengan Tumbukan Bola Baja Diameter 5/16, 1/4., 3/16, 5/32 Inchi. UNSPECIFIED Thesis. Publikasi Ilmiah Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, 2018.
[32]

Q.G. Liu, Y.Q. Jing, C.P. Han, et al. Encapsulation of curcumin in zein/caseinate/sodium alginate nanoparticles with improved physicochemical and controlled release properties. Food Hydrocolloids, 2019, 93: 432−442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.02.003
DOI Google Scholar
[33]
V. Nurviana. The potential antioxidant of nanoparticle of limus (Mangifera foetida Lour) seed kernel extract. Jurnal Farmasi Udayana, 2020, 9(3): 144–151.
DOI
[34]
M. Srivastava. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2011.
DOI
[35]

N. Duraisamy, S. Dhayalan, M.R. Shaik, et al. Green synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles using of Martynia annua L. ethanol leaf extract and their antibacterial activity. Crystals, 2022, 12(11): 1550. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12111550
DOI Google Scholar
[36]
I. Antasionasti, I. Jayanto, S.S. Abdullah, et al. Karakterisasi nanopartikel ekstrak etanol kayu manis (Cinnamomum burmanii) dengan kitosan sodium tripolifosfat sebagai kandidat antioksidan. Chemistry Progress, 2020, 13(2): 77–85.
DOI
[37]

A.I. Putri, A. Sundaryono, I.N. Chandra. Karakterisasi nanopartikel kitosan ekstrak daun ubijalar (Ipomoea batatas L.) menggunakan metode gelasi ionik. Alotrop, 2019, 2(2): 203−207. https://doi.org/10.33369/atp.v2i2.7561(sameasRef.[19]
DOI Google Scholar
[38]
D.L. Pavia, G.M. Lampman, G.S. Kriz, et al. Introduction to spectroscopy. 5th edition. Cengage Learning, 2014: 45–47.
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Rights and permissions

Publication history

Received: 11 July 2022
Revised: 24 November 2022
Accepted: 24 May 2023
Published: 01 August 2023
Issue date: March 2023

Copyright

© The Author(s) 2023.

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgment

This research was supported by DIPA PNBP Udayana University FY-2021 in accordance with Research Implementation Assignment Agreement Number B/96-225/UN14.4.A/PT.01.05/2021 (May 3, 2021).

Rights and permissions

This is an open-access article distributed under  the  terms  of  the  Creative  Commons  Attribution  4.0 International  License (CC BY) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which  permits  unrestricted  use,  distribution,  and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Return