Journal Home > Volume 1 , Issue 1
Journal of Intelligent Construction 2023, 1(1): 9180005 https://doi.org/10.26599/JIC.2023.9180005
Research Article | Open Access | Issue | Published: 14 April 2023

Cement grouting online monitoring and intelligent control for dam foundations

Show Author's Information Qixiang Fan1,2( ),  Xiaochun Jiang3,  Kexiang Wang1,  Canxin Huang1,  Guo Li2,  Pengcheng Wei4
China Three Gorges Corporation, Beijing 100038, China
China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100031, China
Spring Energy Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Chengdu 610093, China
Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Keywords:
real-time monitoring, dam foundation reinforcement, intelligent grouting control model, Baihetan Hydropower Station, intelligent slurry preparation
Cite this article:
Fan Q, Jiang X, Wang K, et al. Cement grouting online monitoring and intelligent control for dam foundations. Journal of Intelligent Construction, 2023, 1(1): 9180005. https://doi.org/10.26599/JIC.2023.9180005
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

1686

Views

300

Downloads

Citations

2

Crossref

N/A

WoS

N/A

Scopus

N/A

CSCD

Abstract Full text About this article

This paper shares the experience of China Three Gorges Corporation in intelligent grouting management for dam foundation reinforcement. An intelligent grouting control system called intelligent grout control hub with intelligent management (iGHM) was introduced to realize one-button closed-loop intelligent control of cement grouting by its robust grouting control models, novel grouting facilities, and intelligent online monitoring approaches. In this system, the grouting period (t) is intelligently divided into three zones and five phases based on the product of grouting pressure (P) and unit grouting rate (Q), which provide quantitative criteria for the grouting process control. Innovative grouting facilities (e.g., intelligent non-grading slurry tank, intelligent pressure control system, and central hub for grouting data management) and an intelligent grouting management cloud platform are subsequently incorporated to monitor, analyze, and evaluate grouting data online for efficient digital grouting management. Its application of consolidation grouting and high-pressure curtain grouting at the Baihetan Hydropower Station demonstrates that this intelligent grouting system could improve grouting quality with promising applications in similar projects.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article

Cement grouting online monitoring and intelligent control for dam foundations

Show Author's information Qixiang Fan1,2( ), Xiaochun Jiang3, Kexiang Wang1, Canxin Huang1, Guo Li2, Pengcheng Wei4
China Three Gorges Corporation, Beijing 100038, China
China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100031, China
Spring Energy Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Chengdu 610093, China
Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

Abstract

This paper shares the experience of China Three Gorges Corporation in intelligent grouting management for dam foundation reinforcement. An intelligent grouting control system called intelligent grout control hub with intelligent management (iGHM) was introduced to realize one-button closed-loop intelligent control of cement grouting by its robust grouting control models, novel grouting facilities, and intelligent online monitoring approaches. In this system, the grouting period (t) is intelligently divided into three zones and five phases based on the product of grouting pressure (P) and unit grouting rate (Q), which provide quantitative criteria for the grouting process control. Innovative grouting facilities (e.g., intelligent non-grading slurry tank, intelligent pressure control system, and central hub for grouting data management) and an intelligent grouting management cloud platform are subsequently incorporated to monitor, analyze, and evaluate grouting data online for efficient digital grouting management. Its application of consolidation grouting and high-pressure curtain grouting at the Baihetan Hydropower Station demonstrates that this intelligent grouting system could improve grouting quality with promising applications in similar projects.

Keywords: real-time monitoring, dam foundation reinforcement, intelligent grouting control model, Baihetan Hydropower Station, intelligent slurry preparation

References(41)

[1]

Q. X. Fan, Z. L. Wang, J. R. Xu, et al. Study on deformation and control measures of columnar jointed basalt for Baihetan super-high arch dam foundation. Rock Mech Rock Eng, 2018, 51: 2569–2595.
DOI Google Scholar
[2]

P. Lin, X. X. Zhu, Q. B. Li, et al. Study on optimal grouting timing for controlling uplift deformation of a super high arch dam. Rock Mech Rock Eng, 2016, 49: 115–142.
DOI Google Scholar
[3]

M. Özçelik. Foundation consolidation grouting applications in Deriner dam and hydroelectric power plant (Artvin, Turkey). Bull Eng Geol Environ, 2014, 73: 493–498.
DOI Google Scholar
[4]

R. Glossop. The invention and development of injection processes Part I: 1802–1850. Géotechnique, 1960, 10: 91–100.
DOI Google Scholar
[5]

R. Glossop. The invention and development of injection processes Part II: 1850–1960. Géotechnique, 1961, 11: 255–279.
DOI Google Scholar
[6]
M. G. Jefferies, B. T. Rogers, D. W. Reades. Electronic monitoring of grouting. In: Mine Induced Subsidence: Effects on Engineered Structures. New York (USA): American Society of Civil Engineers, 1982: pp 769–780.
[7]

Wei P, Lin P, Peng H, et al. Analysis of cracking mechanism of concrete galleries in a super high arch dam. Engineering Structures, 2021, 248: 113227.
DOI Google Scholar
[8]

T. J. Shamu, L. C. Zou, U. Håkansson. A nomogram for cement-based rock grouting. Tunn Undergr Sp Tech, 2021, 116: 104110.
DOI Google Scholar
[9]

J. Y. Rafi, H. Stille. Applicability of using GIN method, by considering theoretical approach of grouting design. Geotech Geol Eng, 2015, 33: 1431–1448.
DOI Google Scholar
[10]

D. A. Bruce. Rock grouting for dams and the need to fight regressive thinking. Geotech News, 2011, 29: 23–30.
Google Scholar
[11]
D. Shuttle, V. Rombough, G. Bonin. Impact of grout rheology on GIN. In: Proceedings of Geo-Denver 2007, Denver, USA, 2007: pp 1–10.
DOI
[12]
D. Heenan, A. A. Naudts. Advanced grouting program at Penn forest dam results in reduced construction costs and high quality product. In: Proceedings of A.S.C.E. Conference GeoDenver, Denver, USA, 2000.
[13]
A. A. Naudts. Grouting to improve foundation soil. In: Practical Foundation Engineering Handbook. R. W. Brown, Ed. New York (USA): McGraw-Hill, 1995: pp 277–400.
[14]
T. G. Carter, W. Dershowitz, D. Shuttle, et al. Improved methods of design for grouting fractured rock. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Grouting and Deep Mixing, Louisiana, USA, 2012: pp 1472–1483.
DOI
[15]
G. R. Bonin, V. T. Rombough, T. G. Carter, et al. Towards better injection control and verification of rock grouting. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Grouting and Deep Mixing, Louisiana, USA, 2012: pp 1460–1471.
DOI
[16]

M. El Tani. Grouting rock fractures with cement grout. Rock Mech Rock Eng, 2012, 45: 547–561.
DOI Google Scholar
[17]

B. Stille, H. Stille, G. Gustafson, et al. Experience with the real time grouting control method. Geomech Tunn, 2009, 2: 447–459.
DOI Google Scholar
[18]
R. M. Taylor, P. Choquet. Automatic monitoring of grouting performance parameters. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Grouting and Deep Mixing, Louisiana, USA, 2012: pp 1494–1505.
DOI
[19]
A. C. Houlsby. Construction and Design of Cement Grouting: A Guide to Grouting in Rock Foundations. New York (USA): Wiley, 1990.
[20]

R. E. Müller. Monitoring of pumping tests and grouting operations. Rock Mech Rock Eng, 1984, 17: 51–59.
DOI Google Scholar
[21]
T. L. Dreese, D. B. Wilson, D. M. Heenan, et al. State of the art in computer monitoring and analysis of grouting. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Grouting and Ground Treatment, Louisiana, USA, 2003.
DOI
[22]

O. Minemura, N. Sakata, S. Yuyama, et al. Acoustic emission evaluation of an arch dam during construction cooling and grouting. Constr Build Mater, 1998, 12: 385–392.
DOI Google Scholar
[23]

P. Persoff, G. J. Moridis, J. A. Apps, et al. Evaluation tests for colloidal silica for use in grouting applications. Geotech Test J, 1998, 21: 264–269.
DOI Google Scholar
[24]

D. I. Harris, R. J. Mair, J. P. Love, et al. Observations of ground and structure movements for compensation grouting during tunnel construction at Waterloo station. Géotechnique, 1994, 44: 691–713.
DOI Google Scholar
[25]

Y. J. Chen, S. I. Zhang. Test embankment dam of fracture grouting. J Geotech Eng, 1989, 115: 1668–1672.
DOI Google Scholar
[26]

D. Gouvenot. State of the art in European grouting. Proc Inst Civ Eng—GR, 1998, 2: 51–67.
DOI Google Scholar
[27]
D. A. Bruce. Computer monitoring in the grouting industry. In: Proceedings of GeoCongress 2012, Oakland, USA, 2012: pp 25–29.
DOI
[28]

C. Butrón, G. Gustafson, Å. Fransson, et al. Drip sealing of tunnels in hard rock: A new concept for the design and evaluation of permeation grouting. Tunn Undergr Sp Tech, 2010, 25: 114–121.
DOI Google Scholar
[29]

H. Stille, G. Gustafson, L. Hassler. Application of new theories and technology for grouting of dams and foundations on rock. Geotech Geol Eng, 2012, 30: 603–624.
DOI Google Scholar
[30]

J. Tinoco, A. G. Correia, P. Cortez. Application of data mining techniques in the estimation of the uniaxial compressive strength of jet grouting columns over time. Constr Build Mater, 2011, 25: 1257–1262.
DOI Google Scholar
[31]
Q. X. Fan, S. W. Zhou, P. Lin, et al. Construction intelligent control packaged technology and its application for a large hydropower project. J Hydraul Eng, 2016, 47: 916–923, 933. (in Chinese).
[32]
Q. X. Fan, X. C. Jiang, Z. L. Yang, et al. Intelligent grouting model and control method for three zones and five sections. CN201811128207.1, 2020-06-26. (in Chinese)
[33]
SL/T 62-2020. Technical specification for cement grouting of hydraulic structures. China Water Conservancy and Hydropower Press, China, 2021. (in Chinese)
[34]
Z. L. Yang, Q. X. Fan, X. C. Jiang, et al. A treatment method for grouting water gushing. CN201810900189.8, 2021-02-05. (in Chinese)
[35]
Q. X. Fan, Z. L. Yang, X. C. Jiang, et al. A treatment method for steep drop of grouting injection rate. CN201810900188.3, 2020-08-28. (in Chinese)
[36]
X. C. Jiang, Q. X. Fan, W. H. Hong, et al. Grouting process state switching method. CN2018109001629, 2021-06-08. (in Chinese)
[37]
Q. X. Fan, X. C. Jiang, C. X. Huang, et al. Realization method of intelligent non-grading mixing slurry. CN201810529060.0, 2020-04-24. (in Chinese)
[38]
X. C. Jiang, Q. X. Fan, Z. Y. Sun, et al. Program control method of grouting pressure fluctuation. CN 201810529169.4, 2020-03-20. (in Chinese)
[39]
Q. X. Fan, X. C. Jiang, W. B. Chen, et al. Overpressure protection method and system of intelligent grouting hub. CN201810529056.4, 2020-07-28. (in Chinese)
[40]
Q. X. Fan, X. C. Jiang, S. W. Zhou, et al. Integrated intelligent grouting system. CN201510320228.3, 2016-11-09. (in Chinese)
[41]
Q. X. Fan, P. Lin, P. C. Wei, et al. Closed-loop control theory of intelligent construction. J Tsinghua Univ Sci Technol, 2020, 61: 660–670. (in Chinese)
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Rights and permissions

Publication history

Received: 16 January 2023
Revised: 24 February 2023
Accepted: 24 February 2023
Published: 14 April 2023
Issue date: March 2023

Copyright

© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Tsinghua University Press.

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

The support by China Three Gorges Corporation is acknowledged for providing access to its construction sites. This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51979146) and the China Three Gorges Corporation Research Program (No. BHT/0774). The authors also thank Dr. Zuyu Chen (academician of CAS) from China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research for his comments that greatly improve the quality this manuscript.

Rights and permissions

The articles published in this open access journal are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Return