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Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is a naturally occurring dual-use plant for both medicine and food. It contains numerous bioactive compounds demonstrating significant health-promoting effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and blood lipid-regulating activities. China currently possesses the world’s largest sea buckthorn resources. The full and rational utilization of these resources holds substantial importance for enhancing public health and stimulating local economic development. While research on the bioactive compounds and efficacy of sea buckthorn has garnered increasing attention in recent years, a systematic review of this knowledge remains lacking. This article comprehensively summarizes the rich profile of bioactive compounds in sea buckthorn and their documented health benefits. It aims to provide a foundation for the further application and development of sea buckthorn within the pharmaceutical, functional food, and related industries.
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