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Review | Open Access

Cold sintering process: A green route to fabricate thermoelectrics

Jinxue Ding1Jing Guo2( )Ruijuan Yan1Wei Li1,3( )Shuailing Ma4Yanqin Fu5Wenjie Xie1,6( )Ralf Riedel1Anke Weidenkaffa1,6
Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials & School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham 35294, USA
Institute of High Pressure Physics, School of Physical Scientific and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
Henan Key Laboratory of High Performance Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites, Carbon Matrix Composites Research Institute, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450046, China
Fraunhofer Research Institution for Materials Recycling and Resource Strategies IWKS, Alzenau 63755, Germany
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Abstract

Cold sintering is a newly developed low-temperature sintering technique that has attracted extensive attention in the fabrication of functional materials and devices. Low sintering temperatures allow for a substantial reduction in energy consumption, and simple experimental equipment offers the possibility of large-scale fabrication. The cold sintering process (CSP) has been demonstrated to be a green and cost-effective route to fabricate thermoelectric (TE) materials where significant grain growth, secondary phase formation, and element volatilization, which are prone to occur during high-temperature sintering, can be well controlled. In this review, the historical development, understanding, and application of thermoelectric materials produced via cold sintering are highlighted. The latest attempts related to the cold sintering process for thermoelectric materials and devices are discussed and evaluated. Despite some current technical challenges, cold sintering provides a promising and sustainable route for the design of advanced high-performance thermoelectrics.

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Journal of Advanced Ceramics
Pages 1697-1712
Cite this article:
Ding J, Guo J, Yan R, et al. Cold sintering process: A green route to fabricate thermoelectrics. Journal of Advanced Ceramics, 2024, 13(11): 1697-1712. https://doi.org/10.26599/JAC.2024.9220965

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Received: 02 July 2024
Revised: 23 August 2024
Accepted: 29 August 2024
Published: 21 November 2024
© The Author(s) 2024.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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