Journal Home > Volume 12 , Issue 7
Journal of Advanced Ceramics 2023, 12(7): 1454-1462 https://doi.org/10.26599/JAC.2023.9220777
Research Article | Open Access | Issue | Published: 21 June 2023

Greatly enhanced electro-optic modulation efficiency in titanium in-diffusion PIN–PMN–PT waveguide

Show Author's Information Qingyuan Hu,  Yuebin Zhang,  Huimin Liao,  Xin Liu,  Pengfei Li,  Yali Feng,  Lei An,  Yongyong Zhuang,  Zhuo Xu( ),  Xiaoyong Wei( )
Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
Keywords:
waveguide, Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 (PIN–PMN–PT) single crystal, titanium (Ti) in-diffusion, electro-optic modulator
Cite this article:
Hu Q, Zhang Y, Liao H, et al. Greatly enhanced electro-optic modulation efficiency in titanium in-diffusion PIN–PMN–PT waveguide. Journal of Advanced Ceramics, 2023, 12(7): 1454-1462. https://doi.org/10.26599/JAC.2023.9220777
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

1285

Views

204

Downloads

Citations

1

Crossref

1

WoS

1

Scopus

0

CSCD

Abstract Full text Electronic supplementary material About this article

Electro-optic modulators, which convert electrical signals onto the transmission light, are key devices in electro-optic modulating systems. Modulation efficiency is one of the most important parameters of an electro-optic modulator, which directly determines the footprint and power consumption of the device. Generally, modulation efficiency strongly depends on the electro-optic response of the crystal. The Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 (PIN–PMN–PT) single crystal with giant electro-optic coefficient ( γc) and high transparency indicates the potential to achieve greatly enhanced modulation efficiency. In this study, a prototype PIN–PMN–PT phase modulator was fabricated based on a titanium (Ti) in-diffusion waveguide, which is reported for the first time. The influences of titanium in-diffusion on the composition and domain structure of the PIN–PMN–PT single crystal were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and piezoelectric force microscopy (PFM), respectively. Finally, a half-wave voltage (Vπ) of 2.3 V was obtained using a device with 6-mm-long (L) electrodes. Furthermore, the electro-optic modulation efficiency (VπL) was calculated as 1.38 V·cm, which was approximately one order of magnitude lower than that of commercial lithium niobate (LiNbO3, LN) phase modulators. Such enhanced modulation efficiency indicates more compact device and lower power consumption, which is of great significance for electro-optic modulation systems used in micro-fiber gyroscope, integrated photonic devices, etc.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
Electronic supplementary material
About this article

Greatly enhanced electro-optic modulation efficiency in titanium in-diffusion PIN–PMN–PT waveguide

Show Author's information Qingyuan Hu, Yuebin Zhang, Huimin Liao, Xin Liu, Pengfei Li, Yali Feng, Lei An, Yongyong Zhuang, Zhuo Xu( ), Xiaoyong Wei( )
Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China

Abstract

Electro-optic modulators, which convert electrical signals onto the transmission light, are key devices in electro-optic modulating systems. Modulation efficiency is one of the most important parameters of an electro-optic modulator, which directly determines the footprint and power consumption of the device. Generally, modulation efficiency strongly depends on the electro-optic response of the crystal. The Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 (PIN–PMN–PT) single crystal with giant electro-optic coefficient ( γc) and high transparency indicates the potential to achieve greatly enhanced modulation efficiency. In this study, a prototype PIN–PMN–PT phase modulator was fabricated based on a titanium (Ti) in-diffusion waveguide, which is reported for the first time. The influences of titanium in-diffusion on the composition and domain structure of the PIN–PMN–PT single crystal were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and piezoelectric force microscopy (PFM), respectively. Finally, a half-wave voltage (Vπ) of 2.3 V was obtained using a device with 6-mm-long (L) electrodes. Furthermore, the electro-optic modulation efficiency (VπL) was calculated as 1.38 V·cm, which was approximately one order of magnitude lower than that of commercial lithium niobate (LiNbO3, LN) phase modulators. Such enhanced modulation efficiency indicates more compact device and lower power consumption, which is of great significance for electro-optic modulation systems used in micro-fiber gyroscope, integrated photonic devices, etc.

Keywords: waveguide, Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 (PIN–PMN–PT) single crystal, titanium (Ti) in-diffusion, electro-optic modulator

References(28)

[1]
Doi M, Sugiyama M, Tanaka K, et al. Advanced LiNbO3 optical modulators for broadband optical communications. IEEE J Sel Top Quant 2006, 12: 745–750.
DOI Google Scholar
[2]
Song R, Song HC, Steier WH, et al. Analysis and demonstration of Mach–Zehnder polymer modulators using in-plane coplanar waveguide structure. IEEE J Quantum Elect 2007, 43: 633–640.
DOI Google Scholar
[3]
Mercante AJ, Eng DLK, Konkol M, et al. Thin LiNbO3 on insulator electro-optic modulator. Opt Lett 2016, 41: 867–869.
DOI Google Scholar
[4]
Wang C, Zhang M, Chen X, et al. Integrated lithium niobate electro-optic modulators operating at CMOS-compatible voltages. Nature 2018, 562: 101–104.
DOI Google Scholar
[5]
He MB, Xu MY, Ren YX, et al. High-performance hybrid silicon and lithium niobate Mach–Zehnder modulators for 100 Gbit·s−1 and beyond. Nat Photonics 2019, 13: 359–364.
DOI Google Scholar
[6]
Xu MY, He MB, Zhang HG, et al. High-performance coherent optical modulators based on thin-film lithium niobate platform. Nat Commun 2020, 11: 3911.
DOI Google Scholar
[7]
Weigel PO, Valdez F, Zhao J, et al. Design of high-bandwidth, low-voltage and low-loss hybrid lithium niobate electro-optic modulators. J Phys Photonics 2021, 3: 012001.
DOI Google Scholar
[8]
Li MF, Wang L, Li X, et al. Silicon intensity Mach–Zehnder modulator for single lane 100 Gb/s applications. Photonics Res 2018, 6: 109–116.
DOI Google Scholar
[9]
Wooten EL, Kissa KM, Yi-Yan A, et al. A review of lithium niobate modulators for fiber-optic communications systems. IEEE J Sel Top Quant 2000, 6: 69–82.
DOI Google Scholar
[10]
Wang DD, Liu Y, Xu BR, et al. Traveling wave electrode simulation for integrated lithium niobite electro-optic modulators. In: Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Novel Photoelectronic Detection Technology and Applications, Kunming, China, 2021: 117633T.
DOI
[11]
Deng CG, Ye LX, He CJ, et al. Reporting excellent transverse piezoelectric and electro-optic effects in transparent rhombohedral PMN–PT single crystal by engineered domains. Adv Mater 2021, 33: 2103013.
DOI Google Scholar
[12]
Wu FM, Yang B, Sun EW, et al. Linear electro-optic properties of relaxor-based ferroelectric 0.24Pb(In1/2Nb1/2) O3–(0.76−x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–xPbTiO3 single crystals. J Appl Phys 2013, 114: 027021.
DOI Google Scholar
[13]
Qiu CR, Wang B, Zhang N, et al. Transparent ferroelectric crystals with ultrahigh piezoelectricity. Nature 2020, 577: 350–354.
DOI Google Scholar
[14]
Liu X, Tan P, Ma X, et al. Ferroelectric crystals with giant electro-optic property enabling ultracompact Q-switches. Science 2022, 376: 371–377.
DOI Google Scholar
[15]
Wan XM, Luo HS, Zhao XY, et al. Refractive indices and linear electro-optic properties of (1−x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 –xPbTiO3 single crystals. Appl Phys Lett 2004, 85: 5233–5235.
DOI Google Scholar
[16]
Hu QY, Yang R, Zhao Y, et al. Achieve single domain state in (111)-oriented rhombohedral phase PMN–PT relaxor ferroelectric single crystals for electro-optical application. Appl Phys Lett 2019, 115: 222901.
DOI Google Scholar
[17]
Hu QY, Alikin D, Slautin B, et al. Nanoscale investigation on electric field induced ferroelectric phase transitions in the rhombohedral PMN–PT single crystal. J Alloys Compd 2023, 953: 170118.
DOI Google Scholar
[18]
Hu QY, Alikin DO, Zelenovskiy PS, et al. Phase distribution and corresponding piezoelectric responses in a morphotropic phase boundary Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 single crystal revealed by confocal Raman spectroscopy and piezo-response force microscopy. J Eur Ceram Soc 2019, 39: 4131–4138.
DOI Google Scholar
[19]
Armenise MN, Canali C, de Sario M, et al. Characterization of TiO2, LiNb3O8, and (Ti0.65Nb0.35)O2 compound growth observed during Ti:LiNbO3 optical waveguide fabrication. J Appl Phys 1983, 54: 6223–6231.
DOI Google Scholar
[20]
Slodczyk A, Daniel P, Kania A. Local phenomena of (1−x)PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3–xPbTiO3 single crystals (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.38) studied by Raman scattering. Phys Rev B 2008, 77: 184114.
Google Scholar
[21]
Zhang DL, Kang J, Qiu CX, et al. Refractive index in Ti:LiNbO3 fabricated by Ti diffusion and post-Li-rich VTE. IEEE Photonics Tech L 2015, 27: 1132–1135.
DOI Google Scholar
[22]
Zhu D, Shao LB, Yu MJ, et al. Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate. Adv Opt Photon 2021, 13: 242–352.
DOI Google Scholar
[23]
Eospace advanced products. Available at https://www.eospace.com/phase-modulator.
[24]
iXblue electro optic modulator. Available at https://www.ixblue.com/photonics-space/phase-modulators.
[25]
100G/400G LN modulator. Available at http://www.fujitsu.com/jp/group/foc/en/products/optical-devices.
[26]
Ramadan TA, Levy M, Osgood RM. Electro-optic modulation in crystal-ion-sliced z-cut LiNbO3 thin films. Appl Phys Lett 2000, 76: 1407–1409.
DOI Google Scholar
[27]
Wang C, Zhang M, Stern B, et al. Nanophotonic lithium niobate electro-optic modulators. Opt Express 2018, 26: 1547–1555.
DOI Google Scholar
[28]
Jin SL, Xu LT, Zhang HH, et al. LiNbO3 thin-film modulators using silicon nitride surface ridge waveguides. IEEE Photonics Tech L 2016, 28: 736–739.
DOI Google Scholar
File
JAC0777_ESM.pdf (172.3 KB)
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Rights and permissions

Publication history

Received: 26 May 2023
Revised: 29 May 2023
Accepted: 30 May 2023
Published: 21 June 2023
Issue date: July 2023

Copyright

© The Author(s) 2023.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 52102143, 51772239, 62001369, 62075088, and 51761145024), Shaanxi Province Project (Grant Nos. 2017ktpt-21 and 2018TD-024), and Jiangxi Technological Innovation Guidance Science and Technology Plan (Grant No. S20212BDH80017).

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.

The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Return