From gut to brain: pioneering microbial strategies against Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a gradual decline in cognitive abilities and memory loss. Recent studies have indicated that the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) may be involved in the development of this condition. This research aimed to clarify the composition and function of the MGBA, particularly focusing on the diversity of gut microbiota, and its connection to gut barrier integrity and the nervous system. Herein, we conducted a narrative review of existing literature to investigate how microbial metabolites affect neural function, neuroinflammation, and metabolic issues related to AD. The results of this study indicate that changes in the diversity of the gut microbiota can worsen neuroinflammation, thereby accelerating the progression of AD. Additionally, we discovered that neurotransmitters, which are influenced by the gut microbiota, play a regulatory role, pointing to potential targets for therapy. In exploring treatment options, we assessed the effectiveness of probiotics, dietary changes, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in managing AD. Clinical trials have demonstrated that specific probiotic strains can improve cognitive function, while dietary approaches, such as the Mediterranean diet, are associated with a reduced risk of developing AD. Moreover, FMT appears to be a promising new treatment strategy, although there are still challenges to its implementation. In summary, our research highlights the significant role of the MGBA in the pathogenesis and treatment of AD, suggesting that modifying gut microbiota could provide new opportunities for therapeutic intervention in AD.