Glucosinolates and Their Biotransformation: Metabolism, Plant Roles, and Human Health

Glucosinolates (GLS), sulfur-rich phytochemicals found in cruciferous vegetables, have gained attention for their multifunctional roles in plant defense and human health. This review outlines the biosynthesis, transport, and hydrolysis pathways of GLS and their conversion into bioactive metabolites, especially isothiocyanates (ITC) like sulforaphane (SFN). We explore the genetic and environmental regulation of GLS, microbial-mediated transformations, and their biological functions in plants, including insect resistance and sulfur balance. In humans, ITC exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective, and antimicrobial effects. The impact of food processing on GLS stability, along with encapsulation technologies, is also discussed. Emerging strategies include breeding for tailored GLS profiles, gut microbiota modulation to enhance ITC production, advanced delivery systems to improve bioavailability, and novel processing methods to optimize ITC yields. This comprehensive review provides insight into optimizing GLS utilization for plant resilience, functional food innovation, and chronic disease prevention through personalized nutrition and translational applications.