Sinapic acid regulated the cardiometabolic and intestinal flora disorders to attenuate the myocardial fibrosis in HFD and STZ-induced diabetic mice

Myocardial fibrosis is a critical stage in the progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Sinapic acid (SA) is a plant phenolic acid compound with antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. To observe the effects of SA intervention on the development of myocardial fibrosis in diabetes mellitus (DM) model mice, we successfully established a DM mouse model via a high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ) injection. After SA intervention for 4 weeks, we found that SA intervention significantly reduced oxidative damage, lipid metabolism disorders, and inflammatory stimuli. Furthermore, SA may decrease myocardial fibrosis in DM mice by inhibiting the activation of the TGF-β1/Smad pathway, promoting riboflavin, nicotinate, and nicotinamide metabolism, inhibiting arachidonic acid metabolism, and restoring the disruption of the intestinal flora. Our research supports the use of SA as a potential supplementary treatment option in the management of DCM.