Taurine: A Comprehensive Review of Its Origin, Pharmacological Properties, Potential Health Benefits, Therapeutic Applications, and Safety Profile

Taurine, a multifunctional sulfur-containing amino acid and conditionally essential nutrient for humans, plays a key role in various biological processes and has attracted significant attention for its therapeutic potential. Originally isolated from ox bile, taurine has broad applications, but a comprehensive understanding of its pharmacological properties, health benefits, and safety profile remains incomplete. In this review, we critically evaluate the existing evidence on taurine’s effects based on an extensive literature search of multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, CNKI, and Baidu Scholar, up to May 2024. Taurine demonstrates a range of beneficial effects, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, modulation of lipid metabolism, neuroprotection, and cardiovascular protection. It has shown substantial impacts on anti-tumor activity, immune system modulation, blood pressure and lipid regulation, glycemic control, hepatobiliary protection, and potential anti-aging effects. However, the precise regulatory pathways underlying these benefits are not yet fully understood. Epidemiological studies indicate a correlation between high taurine dosage and a reduced risk of diseases. However, direct evidence from interventional studies remains insufficient, and existing clinical trials require further in-depth investigation. Concerns about improper use and potential health risks also highlight the need for thorough safety assessments. To address these gaps, we recommend conducting well-designed, long-term randomized controlled trials to establish effective doses for disease prevention and assess taurine’s potential as a primary or adjunct therapy. This review aims to guide future research and support public health efforts, ultimately improving health outcomes.