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Research Article | Open Access

Effects of superheated steam treatment on the inactivation of microbial counts, enzyme activity and the inhibition of lipid oxidation of rape bee pollen

Yanxiang Bia,1, Zidan Zhoua,1, Jiabao Nia,b, Sara Zielińskac, Zhihao Zhangd, Chunliang Luoe, Wenjun Penga, Na Maf, Wenli Tiana( ), Xiaoming Fanga ( )
State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Department of Systems Engineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland
Mudanjiang Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricltural Sciences, Harbin 157020, China
Yunnan Nongken Nujiang Bee Industry Co., Ltd., Peng Wenjun Expert Workstation, Lushui 673100, China
Zhonghong Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Beijing 100020, China

1 These authors contributed equally to this work.

Peer review under responsibility of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.

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Highlights

• The microbial counts, enzyme activity and lipid oxidation of rape bee pollen were analyzed using superheated steam treatment (SHS).

• Microbial counts and enzyme activities were significantly decreased after SHS treatment.

• The fatty acid oxidation of rape bee pollen was effectively inhibited by SHS.

• SHS is an effective alternative processing technology for rape bee pollen processing.

Abstract

The effect of superheated steam (SHS) treatment on the quality characteristics of rape bee pollen were studied, and the efficiency of inactivation and inhibition of lipid oxidation were analyzed to investigate the differences between SHS and cobalt-60 isotope (60Co) radiation treatment. The number of total plate count (TPC) and mold colonies (MC) remained within the limits of the standards after SHS treatment at 140 ℃ for 2 min. Neither TPC nor MC were detected after 60Co irradiation. Peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities significantly decreased with increasing temperature and duration of SHS, while 60Co radiation completely inactivated PPO. Compared to 60Co radiation, SHS treatment inhibited the deterioration of rape bee pollen by avoiding hydroperoxide production and lipid oxidation due to lack of oxygen. These results suggested SHS under 140 ℃ for 2 min was the most suitable to inactivate the microorganisms and enzymes in rape bee pollen with minimal lipid oxidation.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords

Rape bee pollenSuperheated steamCobalt-60 isotope radiationMicrobial countsEnzymatic activityLipid oxidation

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Food Science and Human Wellness
Volume 14 Issue 10,
October 2025
Article number: 9250414
DOI: 10.26599/FSHW.2024.9250414

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Cite this article:
Bi Y, Zhou Z, Ni J, et al. Effects of superheated steam treatment on the inactivation of microbial counts, enzyme activity and the inhibition of lipid oxidation of rape bee pollen. Food Science and Human Wellness, 2025, 14(10): 9250414. https://doi.org/10.26599/FSHW.2024.9250414

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Received: 28 September 2024
Revised: 23 October 2024
Accepted: 13 November 2024
Published: 12 November 2025
© 2025 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences. Publishing services by Tsinghua University Press.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).