Recent advances in the production, structural characterization, and biological activities of animal bone collagen

Resource recycling is the key to achieving sustainable development, which allows us to protect the environment while also meeting the needs of economic growth. The by-products of animal bones are rich in collagen, oil, minerals, etc. However, a large number of animal bones have not been fully utilized. This article reviewed the collagen from the bones of 10 kinds of terrestrial animals, such as chicken, geese, sheep, and 5 kinds of aquatic animals, such as tilapia and tuna. Studies have shown that the bio-enzymatic hydrolysis method was most commonly used for the extraction of collagen from animal bones due to its high yield. Most of the bone collagen identified structurally is type I collagen. In addition, after isolation, it possesses a variety of biological activities, among which antioxidant activity is the most common and significant. This article could provide a theoretical basis for the further development of bone collagen extraction, structural identification, biological activity, and its application, which is of great significance for meeting the demand for high-value utilization of bone by-products.