Journal Home > Volume 1 , Issue 1
Food Science of Animal Products 2023, 1(1): 9240008 https://doi.org/10.26599/FSAP.2023.9240008
Review Article | Open Access | Issue | Published: 12 April 2023

Edible insects and their potential anti-obesity effects: a review

Show Author's Information Klaus W. Lange( ),  Yukiko Nakamura
Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93040, Germany
Keywords:
obesity, overweight, edible insects, bioactives, antilipidemic effect
Cite this article:
Lange KW, Nakamura Y. Edible insects and their potential anti-obesity effects: a review. Food Science of Animal Products, 2023, 1(1): 9240008. https://doi.org/10.26599/FSAP.2023.9240008
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

4481

Views

906

Downloads

Citations

1

Crossref

N/A

WoS

N/A

Scopus

N/A

CSCD

Abstract Full text About this article

Available evidence suggests that the consumption of edible insects may not only contribute protein and other valuable nutrients to the human diet but may also provide health benefits through various insect-derived peptides and bioactive compounds. Most studies of potential anti-obesity effects of edible insects have been conducted in vitro. The available in vivo evidence stems mainly from rodent models. Anti-obesity effects of various edible insect species, such as Tenebrio molitor, Hermetia illucens, and Acheta domesticus, have been suggested, and the findings of studies in mice models suggest the presence of bioactive compounds in edible insects with a potential efficacy in weight control. The mechanisms suggested to underlie the lipid-lowering and anti-obesity effects of edible insect extracts include the inhibition of pathways related to lipid metabolism, downregulation of genes involved in the metabolism of adipose tissue, effects on gut microbiota and increased satiety following consumption of insect-derived food products. However, any claims of health benefits of insect-derived compounds need to be sufficiently established, and trials in humans are a prerequisite. With respect to anti-obesity (and other health) effects, no such compound identified in insects has thus far been tested in humans. Further studies of the effects of bioactive compounds contained in edible insects on human health are therefore needed in order to validate the potential of edible insects as a novel measure in combatting obesity and promoting health in general.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article

Edible insects and their potential anti-obesity effects: a review

Show Author's information Klaus W. Lange( ), Yukiko Nakamura
Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93040, Germany

Abstract

Available evidence suggests that the consumption of edible insects may not only contribute protein and other valuable nutrients to the human diet but may also provide health benefits through various insect-derived peptides and bioactive compounds. Most studies of potential anti-obesity effects of edible insects have been conducted in vitro. The available in vivo evidence stems mainly from rodent models. Anti-obesity effects of various edible insect species, such as Tenebrio molitor, Hermetia illucens, and Acheta domesticus, have been suggested, and the findings of studies in mice models suggest the presence of bioactive compounds in edible insects with a potential efficacy in weight control. The mechanisms suggested to underlie the lipid-lowering and anti-obesity effects of edible insect extracts include the inhibition of pathways related to lipid metabolism, downregulation of genes involved in the metabolism of adipose tissue, effects on gut microbiota and increased satiety following consumption of insect-derived food products. However, any claims of health benefits of insect-derived compounds need to be sufficiently established, and trials in humans are a prerequisite. With respect to anti-obesity (and other health) effects, no such compound identified in insects has thus far been tested in humans. Further studies of the effects of bioactive compounds contained in edible insects on human health are therefore needed in order to validate the potential of edible insects as a novel measure in combatting obesity and promoting health in general.

Keywords: obesity, overweight, edible insects, bioactives, antilipidemic effect

References(83)

[1]
World Health Organization, Obesity and overweight, 2022. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight.
[2]

Z. J. Ward, S. N. Bleich, A. L. Cradock, et al., Projected U. S. state-level prevalence of adult obesity and severe obesity, N. Engl. J. Med. 381 (2019) 2440–2450. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1909301.
DOI Google Scholar
[3]

S. C. Larsson, S. Burgess, Causal role of high body mass index in multiple chronic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of Mendelian randomization studies, BMC Med. 19 (2021) 320. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-021-02188-x.
DOI Google Scholar
[4]

H. Dai, T. A. Alsalhe, N. Chalghaf, et al., The global burden of disease attributable to high body mass index in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study, PLoS Med. 17 (2020) e1003198. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003198.
DOI Google Scholar
[5]

M. Kivimäki, T. Strandberg, J. Pentti, et al., Body-mass index and risk of obesity-related complex multimorbidity: an observational multicohort study, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 10 (2022) 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00033-X.
DOI Google Scholar
[6]

Z. J. Ward, M. W. Long, S. C. Resch, et al., Simulation of growth trajectories of childhood obesity into adulthood, N. Engl. J. Med. 377 (2017) 2145–2153. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1703860.
DOI Google Scholar
[7]

Editorial, Childhood obesity: a growing pandemic, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 10 (2022) 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00314-4.
DOI Google Scholar
[8]

K. W. Lange, Food science and COVID-19, Food Sci. Hum. Well. 10 (2021) 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2020.08.005.
DOI Google Scholar
[9]

K. W. Lange, The contribution of food bioactives and nutrition to the management of COVID-19, J. Future Foods 2 (2022) 13–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfutfo.2022.03.012.
DOI Google Scholar
[10]

K. W. Lange, Y. Nakamura, Lifestyle factors in the prevention of COVID-19, Glob. Health J. 4 (2020) 146–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glohj.2020.11.002.
DOI Google Scholar
[11]
D. Ryan, M. Heaner, Guidelines (2013) for managing overweight and obesity in adults. Preface to the full report, Obesity 22 Suppl 2 (2014) S1–S3. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20819.
DOI
[12]
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Obesity: identification, assessment and management: Clinical guideline [CG189], 2022. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg189.
[13]

K. W. Lange, Movement and nutrition in health and disease, Mov. Nutr. Health Dis. 1 (2017) 1–2. https://doi.org/10.5283/mnhd.2.
DOI Google Scholar
[14]

S. Tonstad, S. Rössner, A. Rissanen, et al., Medical management of obesity in Scandinavia 2016, Obes. Med. 1 (2016) 38–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.OBMED.2016.01.002.
DOI Google Scholar
[15]

Y. J. Tak, S. Y. Lee, Anti-obesity drugs: long-term efficacy and safety: an updated review, World J. Mens. Health 39 (2021) 208–221. https://doi.org/10.5534/wjmh.200010.
DOI Google Scholar
[16]

C. M. Apovian, L. J. Aronne, D. H. Bessesen, et al., Pharmacological management of obesity: an endocrine Society clinical practice guideline, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 100 (2015) 342–362. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-3415.
DOI Google Scholar
[17]

R. S. Padwal, S. R. Majumdar, Drug treatments for obesity: orlistat, sibutramine, and rimonabant, Lancet 369 (2007) 71–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60033-6.
DOI Google Scholar
[18]

A. J. Krentz, K. Fujioka, M. Hompesch, Evolution of pharmacological obesity treatments: focus on adverse side-effect profiles, Diabetes Obes. Metab. 18 (2016) 558–570. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.12657.
DOI Google Scholar
[19]

L. Sjöström, K. Narbro, C. D. Sjöström, et al., Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects, N. Engl. J. Med. 357 (2007) 741–752. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa066254.
DOI Google Scholar
[20]

L. Sjöström, M. Peltonen, P. Jacobson, et al., Bariatric surgery and long-term cardiovascular events, JAMA 307 (2012) 56–65. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1914.
DOI Google Scholar
[21]

K. W. Lange, J. Hauser, Y. Nakamura, et al., Dietary seaweeds and obesity, Food Sci. Hum. Well. 4 (2015) 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FSHW.2015.08.001.
DOI Google Scholar
[22]

M. Lu, Y. Cao, J. Xiao, et al., Molecular mechanisms of the anti-obesity effect of bioactive ingredients in common spices: a review, Food Funct. 9 (2018) 4569–4581. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8fo01349g.
DOI Google Scholar
[23]

S. Y. Hwang, J. B. Park, J. Han, et al., Effects of cricket extract on lipid metabolism and body fat content in high-fat diet fed rats, Entomol. Res. 34 (2004) 305–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5967.2004.tb00128.x.
DOI Google Scholar
[24]

D. K. Gessner, A. Schwarz, S. Meyer, et al., Insect meal as alternative protein source exerts pronounced lipid-lowering effects in hyperlipidemic obese Zucker rats, J. Nutr. 149 (2019) 566–577. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy256.
DOI Google Scholar
[25]

M. Seo, T. W. Goo, M. Y. Chung, et al., Tenebrio molitor larvae inhibit adipogenesis through AMPK and MAPKs signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and obesity in high-fat diet-induced obese mice, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 18 (2017) 518. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18030518.
DOI Google Scholar
[26]

T. C. Otto, M. D. Lane, Adipose development: from stem cell to adipocyte, Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 40 (2005) 229–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409230591008189.
DOI Google Scholar
[27]

N. Roos, A. van Huis, Consuming insects: are there health benefits?, J. Insects Food Feed 3 (2017) 225–229. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2017.x007.
DOI Google Scholar
[28]

K. W. Lange, Y. Nakamura, Edible insects as a source of food bioactives and their potential health effects, J. Food Bioact. 14 (2021) 4–9. https://doi.org/10.31665/JFB.2021.14264.
DOI Google Scholar
[29]

L. R. Backwell, F. d’Errico, Evidence of termite foraging by Swartkrans early hominids, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98 (2001) 1358–1363. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.98.4.1358.
DOI Google Scholar
[30]

H. Pager, Cave paintings suggest honey hunting activities in ice age times, Bee World 57 (1976) 9–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.1976.11097580.
DOI Google Scholar
[31]

A. van Huis, Potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 58 (2013) 563–583. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153704.
DOI Google Scholar
[32]

K. W. Lange, Y. Nakamura, Edible insects as future food: chances and challenges, J. Future Foods 1 (2021) 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfutfo.2021.10.001.
DOI Google Scholar
[33]

O. Deroy, B. Reade, C. Spence, The insectivore’s dilemma, and how to take the West out of it, Food Qual. Prefer. 44 (2015) 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2015.02.007.
DOI Google Scholar
[34]

K. W. Lange, Y. Nakamura, Potential contribution of edible insects to sustainable consumption and production, Front. Sustain. 4 (2023) 1112950. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsus.2023.1112950.
DOI Google Scholar
[35]

EFSA Scientific Committee, Risk profile related to production and consumption of insects as food and feed, EFSA Journal 13 (2015) 4257. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4257.
DOI Google Scholar
[36]

C. I. Rumbos, I. T. Karapanagiotidis, E. Mente, et al., Evaluation of various commodities for the development of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, Sci. Rep. 10 (2020) 11224. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67363-1.
DOI Google Scholar
[37]

J. Del Navarro Hierro, A. Gutiérrez-Docio, P. Otero, et al., Characterization, antioxidant activity, and inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase of extracts from the edible insects Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, Food Chem. 309 (2020) 125742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125742.
DOI Google Scholar
[38]

F. Coutinho, C. Castro, I. Guerreiro, et al., Mealworm larvae meal in diets for meagre juveniles: growth, nutrient digestibility and digestive enzymes activity, Aquaculture 535 (2021) 736362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736362.
DOI Google Scholar
[39]

B. M. Park, H. J. Lim, B. J. Lee, Anti-obesity effects of Tenebrio molitor larvae powder in high-fat diet-induced obese mice, J. Nutr. Health 54 (2021) 342–354. https://doi.org/10.4163/JNH.2021.54.4.342.
DOI Google Scholar
[40]

F. Pessina, M. Frosini, P. Marcolongo, et al., Antihypertensive, cardio- and neuro-protective effects of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) defatted larvae in spontaneously hypertensive rats, PLoS One 15 (2020) e0233788. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233788.
DOI Google Scholar
[41]

M. Seo, J. Kim, S. S. Moon, et al., Intraventricular administration of Tenebrio molitor larvae extract regulates food intake and body weight in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity, Nutr. Res. 44 (2017) 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2017.05.011.
DOI Google Scholar
[42]

L. Martins, D. Fernández-Mallo, M. G. Novelle, et al., Hypothalamic mTOR signaling mediates the orexigenic action of ghrelin, PLoS ONE 7 (2012) e46923. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046923.
DOI Google Scholar
[43]

D. Stevanovic, V. Trajkovic, S. Müller-Lühlhoff, et al., Ghrelin-induced food intake and adiposity depend on central mTORC1/S6K1 signaling, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 381 (2013) 280–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2013.08.009.
DOI Google Scholar
[44]

X. Xu, H. Ji, I. Belghit, et al., Effects of black soldier fly oil rich in n-3 HUFA on growth performance, metabolism and health response of juvenile mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio var. specularis), Aquaculture 533 (2021) 736144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736144.
DOI Google Scholar
[45]

S. Li, H. Ji, B. Zhang, et al., Defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal in diets for juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian): growth performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, digestive enzyme activities, intestine and hepatopancreas histological structure, Aquaculture 477 (2017) 62–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.04.015.
DOI Google Scholar
[46]

Y. Hu, Y. Huang, T. Tang, et al., Effect of partial black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L. ) larvae meal replacement of fish meal in practical diets on the growth, digestive enzyme and related gene expression for rice field eel (Monopterus albus), Aquac. Rep. 17 (2020) 100345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100345.
DOI Google Scholar
[47]

X. Xu, H. Ji, H. Yu, et al., Influence of dietary black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens Linnaeus) pulp on growth performance, antioxidant capacity and intestinal health of juvenile mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio var. specularis), Aquacult. Nutr. 26 (2020) 432–443. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.13005.
DOI Google Scholar
[48]

R. Lu, Y. Chen, W. Yu, et al., Defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal can replace soybean meal in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) diets, Aquac. Rep. 18 (2020) 100520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100520.
DOI Google Scholar
[49]

M. Yu, Z. Li, W. Chen, et al., Evaluation of full-fat Hermetia illucens larvae meal as a fishmeal replacement for weanling piglets: effects on the growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, blood parameters and gut morphology, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 264 (2020) 114431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114431.
DOI Google Scholar
[50]

G. Wang, K. Peng, J. Hu, et al., Evaluation of defatted Hermetia illucens larvae meal for Litopenaeus vannamei effects on growth performance, nutrition retention, antioxidant and immune response, digestive enzyme activity and hepatic morphology, Aquacult. Nutr. 27 (2021) 986–997. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.13240.
DOI Google Scholar
[51]

S. Marono, R. Loponte, P. Lombardi, et al., Productive performance and blood profiles of laying hens fed Hermetia illucens larvae meal as total replacement of soybean meal from 24 to 45 weeks of age, Poult. Sci. 96 (2017) 1783–1790. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew461.
DOI Google Scholar
[52]

F. J. Chu, X. B. Jin, J. Y. Zhu, Housefly maggots (Musca domestica) protein-enriched fraction/extracts (PE) inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced atherosclerosis pro-inflammatory responses, J. Atheroscler. Thromb. 18 (2011) 282–290. https://doi.org/10.5551/jat.5991.
DOI Google Scholar
[53]

M. Z. Xiao, X. B. Jin, F. T. Tang, et al., Anti-atherosclerotic effect of housefly (Musca domestica) maggot-derived protein-enriched extracts by dampened oxidative stress in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, RSC Adv. 6 (2016) 105363–105370. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA09019B.
DOI Google Scholar
[54]

A. Ido, T. Iwai, K. Ito, et al., Dietary effects of housefly (Musca domestica) (Diptera: Muscidae) pupae on the growth performance and the resistance against bacterial pathogen in red sea bream (Pagrus major) (Perciformes: Sparidae), Appl. Entomol. Zool. 50 (2015) 213–221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13355-015-0325-z.
DOI Google Scholar
[55]

A. A. Attia, L. M. El-Samad, N. Zaghloul, Effects of protein extract from the housefly larvae (Musca domestica vicina) on the hyperlipidemic mice induced by Triton WR-1339, Swed. J. BioSci. Res. 1 (2020) 16–27. https://doi.org/10.51136/sjbsr.2020.16.27.
DOI Google Scholar
[56]

V. Zargar, M. Asghari, A. Dashti, A review on chitin and chitosan polymers: structure, chemistry, solubility, derivatives, and applications, ChemBioEng Rev. 2 (2015) 204–226. https://doi.org/10.1002/cben.201400025.
DOI Google Scholar
[57]

M. Malm, A. M. Liceaga, Physicochemical properties of chitosan from two commonly reared edible cricket species, and its application as a hypolipidemic and antimicrobial agent, Polysaccharides 2 (2021) 339–353. https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides2020022.
DOI Google Scholar
[58]

Á. M. Egan, T. Sweeney, M. Hayes, et al., Prawn shell chitosan has anti-obesogenic properties, influencing both nutrient digestibility and microbial populations in a pig model, PLoS ONE 10 (2015) e0144127. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144127.
DOI Google Scholar
[59]

M. Y. Chung, Y. I. Yoon, J. S. Hwang, et al., Anti-obesity effect of Allomyrina dichotoma (Arthropoda: Insecta) larvae ethanol extract on 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation, Entomol. Res. 44 (2014) 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-5967.12044.
DOI Google Scholar
[60]

Y. I. Yoon, M. Y. Chung, J. S. Hwang, et al., Allomyrina dichotoma (Arthropoda: Insecta) larvae confer resistance to obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet, Nutrients 7 (2015) 1978–1991. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7031978.
DOI Google Scholar
[61]

J. Kim, E. Y. Yun, S. W. Park, et al., Allomyrina dichotoma larvae regulate food intake and body weight in high fat diet-induced obese mice through mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways, Nutrients 8 (2016) 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8020100.
DOI Google Scholar
[62]

M. Y. Ahn, M. J. Kim, R. H. Kwon, et al., Gene expression profiling and inhibition of adipose tissue accumulation of G. bimaculatus extract in rats on high fat diet, Lipids Health Dis. 14 (2015) 116. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-015-0113-3.
DOI Google Scholar
[63]

M. Y. Ahn, J. S. Hwang, M. J. Kim, et al., Antilipidemic effects and gene expression profiling of the glycosaminoglycans from cricket in rats on a high fat diet, Arch. Pharm. Res. 39 (2016) 926–936. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-016-0749-1.
DOI Google Scholar
[64]

A. R. Im, W. K. Yang, Y. C. Park, et al., Hepatoprotective effects of insect extracts in an animal model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Nutrients 10 (2018) 735. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060735.
DOI Google Scholar
[65]
M. D. Finke, D. Oonincx, Insects as food for insectivores, in: J. Shapiro-Ilan Morales-Ramos, G. Rojas, D. I. Shapiro-Ilan (Eds.), Mass production of beneficial organisms: invertebrates and Entomopathogens, Elsevier, 2014, pp. 583-616.
DOI
[66]

A. Bettzieche, C. Brandsch, K. Weisse, et al., Lupin protein influences the expression of hepatic genes involved in fatty acid synthesis and triacylglycerol hydrolysis of adult rats, Br. J. Nutr. 99 (2008) 952–962. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114507857266.
DOI Google Scholar
[67]

C. R. Sirtori, R. Even, M. R. Lovati, Soybean protein diet and plasma cholesterol: from therapy to molecular mechanisms, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 676 (1993) 188–201. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb38734.x.
DOI Google Scholar
[68]

K. Weisse, C. Brandsch, F. Hirche, et al., Lupin protein isolate and cysteine-supplemented casein reduce calcification of atherosclerotic lesions in apoE-deficient mice, Br. J. Nutr. 103 (2010) 180–188. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114509991565.
DOI Google Scholar
[69]

C. Ascencio, N. Torres, F. Isoard-Acosta, et al., Soy protein affects serum insulin and hepatic SREBP-1 mRNA and reduces fatty liver in rats, J. Nutr. 134 (2004) 522–529. https://doi.org/10.1093/JN/134.3.522.
DOI Google Scholar
[70]

C. Manzoni, M. Duranti, I. Eberini, et al., Subcellular localization of soybean 7S globulin in HepG2 cells and LDL receptor up-regulation by its alpha' constituent subunit, J. Nutr. 133 (2003) 2149–2155. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.7.2149.
DOI Google Scholar
[71]

S. Onomi, Y. Okazaki, T. Katayama, Effect of dietary level of phytic acid on hepatic and serum lipid status in rats fed a high-sucrose diet, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 68 (2004) 1379–1381. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.68.1379.
DOI Google Scholar
[72]

A. Shukla, C. Brandsch, A. Bettzieche, et al., Isoflavone-poor soy protein alters the lipid metabolism of rats by SREBP-mediated down-regulation of hepatic genes, J. Nutr. Biochem. 18 (2007) 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.05.007.
DOI Google Scholar
[73]

T. A. Churchward-Venne, P. J. M. Pinckaers, J. J. A. van Loon, et al., Consideration of insects as a source of dietary protein for human consumption, Nutr. Rev. 75 (2017) 1035–1045. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nux057.
DOI Google Scholar
[74]

E. Ferrannini, A. Natali, B. Capaldo, et al., Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and blood pressure: role of age and obesity. European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR), Hypertension 30 (1997) 1144–1149. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.hyp.30.5.1144.
DOI Google Scholar
[75]

W. Y. Fujimoto, R. W. Bergstrom, E. J. Boyko, et al., Visceral adiposity and incident coronary heart disease in Japanese-American men. The 10-year follow-up results of the Seattle Japanese-American Community Diabetes Study, Diabetes Care 22 (1999) 1808–1812. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.22.11.1808.
DOI Google Scholar
[76]

N. Barzilai, L. She, B. Q. Liu, et al., Surgical removal of visceral fat reverses hepatic insulin resistance, Diabetes 48 (1999) 94–98. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.48.1.94.
DOI Google Scholar
[77]

Y. W. Kim, J. Y. Kim, S. K. Lee, Surgical removal of visceral fat decreases plasma free fatty acid and increases insulin sensitivity on liver and peripheral tissue in monosodium glutamate (MSG)-obese rats, J. Korean Med. Sci. 14 (1999) 539–545. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.1999.14.5.539.
DOI Google Scholar
[78]

C. Pitombo, E. P. Araújo, C. T. de Souza, et al., Amelioration of diet-induced diabetes mellitus by removal of visceral fat, J. Endocrinol. 191 (2006) 699–706. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.07069.
DOI Google Scholar
[79]

I. Gabriely, X. H. Ma, X. M. Yang, et al., Removal of visceral fat prevents insulin resistance and glucose intolerance of aging: an adipokine-mediated process?, Diabetes 51 (2002) 2951–2958. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.51.10.2951.
DOI Google Scholar
[80]

J. Durack, S. V. Lynch, The gut microbiome: relationships with disease and opportunities for therapy, J. Exp. Med. 216 (2019) 20–40. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20180448.
DOI Google Scholar
[81]

V. J. Stull, E. Finer, R. S. Bergmans, et al., Impact of edible cricket consumption on gut microbiota in healthy adults, a double-blind, randomized crossover trial, Sci. Rep. 8 (2018) 10762. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29032-2.
DOI Google Scholar
[82]

A. Pedret, R. M. Valls, L. Calderón-Pérez, et al., Effects of daily consumption of the probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CECT 8145 on anthropometric adiposity biomarkers in abdominally obese subjects: a randomized controlled trial, Int. J. Obes. 43 (2019) 1863–1868. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-018-0220-0.
DOI Google Scholar
[83]

M. Skotnicka, A. Mazurek, K. Karwowska, et al., Satiety of edible insect-based food products as a component of body weight control, Nutrients 14 (2022) 2147. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102147.
DOI Google Scholar
Publication history
Copyright
Rights and permissions

Publication history

Received: 24 February 2023
Revised: 14 March 2023
Accepted: 16 March 2023
Published: 12 April 2023
Issue date: March 2023

Copyright

© Beijing Academy of Food Sciences 2023.

Rights and permissions

Food Science of Animal Products published by Tsinghua University Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Return