Physical models of sliding friction: A review

Friction control has attracted extensive interest from micro- and nanoelectromechanical systems to macro moving parts because of its importance in ensuring the stable operation of equipment. Despite significant advancements, friction control remains heavily reliant on experimentation and empirical knowledge because current friction research is still at a phenomenological stage. The key challenge lies in the difficulty of quantifying the contribution of each influencing factor and mechanism to friction under actual working conditions, as friction is the result of the coupling of multiple mechanisms and factors. In this context, we conduct a thorough review of existing friction models along with their corresponding dependencies. We aim to identify the shortcomings and challenges in these models and propose potential avenues for future development. By addressing these gaps, we hope to contribute to the advancement of friction control.