AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
Home Friction Article
PDF (5.2 MB)
Collect
Submit Manuscript AI Chat Paper
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Review Article | Open Access

Origin of superlubricity of diamond-like carbon (DLC)

Seokhoon Jang1Zhe Chen2Seong H. Kim1( )
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
Show Author Information

Graphical Abstract

Abstract

Hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (H-DLC) is typically produced as a coating or thin film through plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD). H-DLC is relatively hard and well known to exhibit superlubricity. Is superlubricity an intrinsic property of H-DLC? This paper argues that H-DLC is not intrinsically superlubricious, but it has an ideal structure that allows transition of the interface region to a superlubricious structure upon frictional shear in proper conditions. Thus, its superlubricity is an extrinsic property. This argument is made by comparing frictional behaviors of three allotropes of carbon materials—graphite, amorphous carbon (a-C), and diamond, and carefully scrutinizing the run-in behavior as well as environment sensitivity of H-DLC friction. The superlubricious structure is generally known to be graphitic, but its exact structure remains elusive and is subject to further study. Nevertheless, accurate knowledge of how superlubricity is induced for H-DLC can guide engineering design to achieve superlubricious behaviors with other carbon materials produced via different synthetic routes.

References

[1]

Holmberg K, Erdemir A. Influence of tribology on global energy consumption, costs and emissions. Friction 5(3): 263–284 (2017)

[2]

Holmberg K, Andersson P, Nylund N O, Mäkelä K, Erdemir A. Global energy consumption due to friction in trucks and buses. Tribol Int 78: 94–114 (2014)

[3]

Holmberg K, Erdemir A. The impact of tribology on energy use and CO2 emission globally and in combustion engine and electric cars. Tribol Int 135: 389–396 (2019)

[4]
Rawat S S, Harsha A P. Current and future trends in grease lubrication. In: Automotive Tribology. Katiyar J K, Bhattacharya S, Patel V K, Kumar V, Eds. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019: 147–182.
[5]

Bhat S A, Charoo M S. Effect of additives on the tribological properties of various greases—A review. Mater Today Proc 18: 4416–4420 (2019)

[6]

Chen Y, Jha S, Raut A, Zhang W Y, Liang H. Performance characteristics of lubricants in electric and hybrid vehicles: A review of current and future needs. Front Mech Eng 6: 571464 (2020)

[7]

Martin J M, Grossiord C, Le Mogne T, Igarashi J. Transfer films and friction under boundary lubrication. Wear 245(1–2): 107–115 (2000)

[8]

Persson B N J. Theory of friction and boundary lubrication. Phys Rev B 48(24): 18140–18158 (1993)

[9]

Zahid R, Hassan M B H, Varman M, Mufti R A, Kalam M A, Zulkifli N W B M, Gulzar M. A review on effects of lubricant formulations on tribological performance and boundary lubrication mechanisms of non-doped DLC/DLC contacts. Crc Cr Rev Sol State 42(4): 267–294 (2017)

[10]

Lince J R. Effective application of solid lubricants in spacecraft mechanisms. Lubricants 8(7): 74 (2020)

[11]

Roberts E W. Thin solid lubricant films in space. Tribol Int 23(2): 95–104 (1990)

[12]

Kim S H, Asay D B, Dugger M T. Nanotribology and mems. Nano Today 2(5): 22–29 (2007)

[13]

Maboudian R, Carraro C. Surface chemistry and tribology of mems. Annu Rev Phys Chem 55: 35–54 (2004)

[14]

Williams J A, Le H R. Tribology and mems. J Phys D Appl Phys 39(12): R201–R214 (2006)

[15]

Furlan K P, de Mello J D B, Klein A N. Self-lubricating composites containing MoS2: A review. Tribol Int 120: 280–298 (2018)

[16]

Donnet C, Martin J M, Le Mogne T, Belin M. Super-low friction of MoS2 coatings in various environments. Tribol Int 29(2): 123–128 (1996)

[17]

Savan A, Pflüger E, Voumard P, Schröer A, Simmonds M. Modern solid lubrication: Recent developments and applications of MoS2. Lubr Sci 12(2): 185–203 (2000)

[18]

Vazirisereshk M R, Martini A, Strubbe D A, Baykara M Z. Solid lubrication with MoS2: A review. Lubricants 7(7): 57 (2019)

[19]

Kumar N, Dash S, Tyagi A K, Raj B. Super low to high friction of turbostratic graphite under various atmospheric test conditions. Tribol Int 44(12): 1969–1978 (2011)

[20]
Anand G, Saxena P. A review on graphite and hybrid nano-materials as lubricant additives. Iop Conf Ser-Mat Sci 149 : 012201 (2016)
[21]

Luo J B, Zhou X. Superlubricitive engineering—Future industry nearly getting rid of wear and frictional energy consumption. Friction 8(4): 643–665 (2020)

[22]

Hirano M, Shinjo K. Superlubricity and frictional anisotropy. Wear 168(1–2): 121–125 (1993)

[23]

Dienwiebel, M, Verhoeven G S, Pradeep N, Frenken J W M, Heimberg J A, Zandbergen H W. Superlubricity of graphite. Phys Rev Lett 92: 126101 (2004).

[24]

Verhoeven G S, Dienwiebel M, Frenken J W M. Model calculations of superlubricity of graphite. Phys Rev B 70(16): 165418 (2004)

[25]

Feng X F, Kwon S, Park J Y, Salmeron M. Superlubric sliding of graphene nanoflakes on graphene. ACS Nano 7(2): 1718–1724 (2013)

[26]

van Wijk M M, Dienwiebel M, Frenken J W M, Fasolino A. Superlubric to stick-slip sliding of incommensurate graphene flakes on graphite. Phys Rev B 88(23): 235423 (2013)

[27]

Chen L, Chen Z, Tang X Y, Yan W M, Zhou Z R, Qian L M, Kim S H. Friction at single-layer graphene step edges due to chemical and topographic interactions. Carbon 154: 67–73 (2019)

[28]

Song Y, Mandelli D, Hod O, Urbakh M, Ma M, Zheng Q. Robust microscale superlubricity in graphite/hexagonal boron nitride layered heterojunctions. Nat Mater 17(10): 894–899 (2018)

[29]

Liu S W, Wang H P, Xu Q, Ma T B, Yu G, Zhang C H, Geng D C, Yu Z W, Zhang S G, Wang W Z, et al. Robust microscale superlubricity under high contact pressure enabled by graphene-coated microsphere. Nat Commun 8: 14029 (2017)

[30]

Berman D, Erdemir A, Sumant A V. Approaches for achieving superlubricity in two-dimensional materials. ACS Nano 12(3): 2122–2137 (2018)

[31]

Chen Z, Kim S H. Tuning super-lubricity via molecular adsorption. Applied Materials Today 29: 101615 (2022)

[32]
Erdemir A, Eryilmaz O L, Nilufer I B, Fenske G R. Synthesis of superlow-friction carbon films from highly hydrogenated methane plasmas. Surf Coat Tech 133 134 : 448–454 (2000)
[33]
Erdemir A. The role of hydrogen in tribological properties of diamond-like carbon films. Surf Coat Tech 146 147 : 292–297 (2001)
[34]

Johnson J A, Woodford J B, Rajput D, Kolesnikov A I. Carbon-hydrogen bonding in near-frictionless carbon. Appl Phys Lett 93: 131911 (2008)

[35]
Erdemir A, Nilufer I B, Eryilmaz O L, Beschliesser M, Fenske G R. Friction and wear performance of diamond-like carbon films grown in various source gas plasmas. Surf Coat Tech 120–121 : 589–593 (1999)
[36]

Erdemir A, Eryilmaz O L, Nilufer I B, Fenske G R. Effect of source gas chemistry on tribological performance of diamond-like carbon films. Diam Relat Mater 9(3–6): 632–637 (2000)

[37]

Donnet C, Fontaine J, Grill A, Le Mogne T. The role of hydrogen on the friction mechanism of diamond-like carbon films. Tribol Lett 9(3–4): 137–142 (2001)

[38]
Donnet C, Erdemir A. Tribology of Diamond-Like Carbon Films: Fundamentals and Applications. New York (USA): Springer, 2007.
[39]

Erdemir A, Donnet C. Tribology of diamond-like carbon films: Recent progress and future prospects. J Phys D Appl Phys 39(18): R311 (2006)

[40]

Semenov A P, Khrushchov M M. Influence of environment and temperature on tribological behavior of diamond and diamond-like coatings. J Frict Wear 31(2): 142–158 (2010)

[41]

Zeng Q F, Ning Z K. High-temperature tribological properties of diamond-like carbon films: A review. Rev Adv Mater Sci 60: 276–292 (2021)

[42]
Erdemir A, Fontaine J, Donnet C. An overview of superlubricity in diamond-like carbon films. In: Tribology of Diamond-Like Carbon Films. Donnet C, Erdemir A, Eds. New York: Springer, 2008: 237–262.
[43]

Liu Y H, Jiang Y L, Sun J H, Wang L, Liu Y Q, Chen L, Zhang B, Qian L M. Durable superlubricity of hydrogenated diamond-like carbon film against different friction pairs depending on their interfacial interaction. Appl Surf Sci 560: 150023 (2021)

[44]

Liu Y H, Yu B J, Cao Z Y, Shi P F, Zhou N N, Zhang B, Zhang J Y, Qian L M. Probing superlubricity stability of hydrogenated diamond-like carbon film by varying sliding velocity. Appl Surf Sci 439: 976–982 (2018)

[45]

Wang D L, Gong Z B, Jiang B Z, Yu G M, Liu G Q, Wang N. Structure original of temperature depended superlow friction behavior of diamond like carbon. Diam Relat Mater 107: 107880 (2020)

[46]

Manimunda P, Al-Azizi A, Kim S H, Chromik R R. Shear-induced structural changes and origin of ultralow friction of hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (DLC) in dry environment. ACS Appl Mater Inter 9: 16704–16714 (2017)

[47]

Jang S, Chen Z, Kim S H. Environmental effects on superlubricity of hydrogenated diamond-like carbon: Understanding tribochemical kinetics in O2 and H2O environments. Appl Surf Sci 580: 152299 (2022)

[48]

Jang S, Colliton A G, Flaih H S, Irgens EMK, Kramarczuk L J, Rauber G D, Vickers J, Ogrinc A L, Zhang Z X, Gong Z B, et al. Why is superlubricity of diamond-like carbon rare at nanoscale? Small 20: 2400513 (2024)

[49]

Jang S, Kim S H. Distinct effects of endogenous hydrogen content and exogenous hydrogen supply on superlubricity of diamond-like carbon. Carbon 202: 61–69 (2023)

[50]

Jang S, Rabbani M, Ogrinc A L, Wetherington M T, Martini A, Kim S H. Tribochemistry of diamond-like carbon: Interplay between hydrogen content in the film and oxidative gas in the environment. ACS Appl Mater Inter 15(31): 37997–38007 (2023)

[51]

Scharf T W, Singer I L. Monitoring transfer films and friction instabilities with in situ Raman tribometry. Tribol Lett 14: 3–8 (2003)

[52]

Scharf T W, Singer I L. Quantification of the thickness of carbon transfer films using Raman tribometry. Tribol Lett 14(2): 137–145 (2003)

[53]

Scharf T W, Singer I L. Role of the transfer film on the friction and wear of metal carbide reinforced amorphous carbon coatings during run-in. Tribol Lett 36: 43–53 (2009)

[54]

Jeng Y R, Islam S, Wu K T, Erdemir A, Eryilmaz O. Investigation of nano-mechanical and tribological properties of hydrogenated diamond like carbon (DLC) coatings. J Mech 33: 769–776 (2016)

[55]

Bernal R A, Chen P, Harrison J A, Jeng Y R, Carpick R W. Influence of chemical bonding on the variability of diamond-like carbon nanoscale adhesion. Carbon 128: 267–276 (2018)

[56]

Gao G T, Mikulski P T, Chateauneuf G M, Harrison J A. The effects of film structure and surface hydrogen on the properties of amorphous carbon films. J Phys Chem B 107(40): 11082–11090 (2003)

[57]

Piotrowski P L, Cannara R J, Gao G T, Urban J J, Carpick R W, Harrison J A. Atomistic factors governing adhesion between diamond, amorphous carbon and model diamond nanocomposite surfaces. J Adhes Sci Technol 24(15–16): 2471–2498 (2010)

[58]

Erdemir A, Eryilmaz O. Achieving superlubricity in DLC films by controlling bulk, surface, and tribochemistry. Friction 2(2): 140–155 (2014)

[59]

Erdemir A. Genesis of superlow friction and wear in diamondlike carbon films. Tribol Int 37(11–12): 1005–1012 (2004)

[60]

Cui L C, Lu Z B, Wang L P. Environmental effect on the load-dependent friction behavior of a diamond-like carbon film. Tribol Int 82: 195–199 (2015)

[61]

Andersson J, Erck R A, Erdemir A. Friction of diamond-like carbon films in different atmospheres. Wear 254: 1070–1075 (2003)

[62]

Al-Azizi A A, Eryilmaz O, Erdemir A, Kim S H. Surface structure of hydrogenated diamond-like carbon: Origin of run-in behavior prior to superlubricious interfacial shear. Langmuir 31: 1711–1721 (2015)

[63]

Mangolini F, McClimon J B, Rose F, Carpick R W. Accounting for nanometer-thick adventitious carbon contamination in X-ray absorption spectra of carbon-based materials. Anal Chem 86: 12258–12265 (2014)

[64]

Mehta N J, Roy S, Johnson J A, Woodford J, Zinovev A, Islam Z, Erdemir A, Sinha S, Fenske G, Prorok B. X-ray studies of near-frictionless carbon films. MRS Online Proceedings Library 843: 271–276 (2004)

[65]

Yang M, Marino M J, Bojan V J, Eryilmaz O L, Erdemir A, Kim S H. Quantification of oxygenated species on a diamond-like carbon (DLC) surface. Appl Surf Sci 257(17): 7633–7638 (2011)

[66]
Okubo H, Sasaki S, Lancon D, Jarnias F, Thiébaut B. Tribo-Raman-SLIM observation for diamond-like carbon lubricated with fully formulated oils with different wear levels at DLC/steel contacts. Wear 454–455 : 203326 (2020)
[67]

Liu Y H, Zhang B, Chen L, Cao Z Y, Shi P F, Liu J W, Zhang J Y, Qian L M. Perspectives of the friction mechanism of hydrogenated diamond-like carbon film in air by varying sliding velocity. Coatings 8(10): 331 (2018)

[68]

Kataria S, Dhara S, Barshilia H C, Dash S, Tyagi A K. Evolution of coefficient of friction with deposition temperature in diamond like carbon thin films. J Appl Phys 112(2): 023525 (2012)

[69]
Liu Y H, Wang L, Liu T, Zhang P. Effect of normal loads and mating pairs on the tribological properties of diamond-like carbon film. Wear 486–487 : 204083 (2021)
[70]

Irmer G, Dorner-Reisel A. Micro-raman studies on DLC coatings. Adv Eng Mater 7(8): 694–705 (2005)

[71]
Ferrari A C. Non-destructive characterisation of carbon films. In: Tribology of Diamond-Like Carbon Films: Fundamentals and Applications. Donnet C, Erdemir A, Eds. New York (USA): Springer, 2007: 25–82.
[72]

Rose F, Wang N, Smith R, Xiao Q F, Inaba H, Matsumura T, Saito Y, Matsumoto H, Dai Q, Marchon B, et al. Complete characterization by Raman spectroscopy of the structural properties of thin hydrogenated diamond-like carbon films exposed to rapid thermal annealing. J Appl Phys 116(12): 123516 (2014)

[73]

Ferrari A C, Robertson J. Interpretation of Raman spectra of disordered and amorphous carbon. Phys Rev B 61: 14095 (2000)

[74]

Yu Q Y, Chen X C, Zhang C H, Zhang C X, Deng W L, Wang Y H, Xu J X, Qi W. Ion energy-induced nanoclustering structure in a-C: H film for achieving robust superlubricity in vacuum. Friction 10(12): 1967–1984 (2022)

[75]

Peng Y, Zhong F S, Qian L M, Jiang S L. Effects of ultraviolet/ozone irradiation on glassy-like carbon film for the bioMEMS applications. Appl Surf Sci 533: 147443 (2020)

[76]

Li K S, Xu G, Wen X B, Zhou J, Gong F. High-temperature friction behavior of amorphous carbon coating in glass molding process. Friction 9(6): 1648–1659 (2021)

[77]

Chen J S, Sun Z, Lau S P, Tay B K. Structural and tribological properties of hard carbon film synthesized by heat-treatment of a polymer on graphite substrate. Thin Solid Films 389(1–2): 161–166 (2001)

[78]

Hokao M, Hironaka S, Suda Y, Yamamoto Y. Friction and wear properties of graphite/glassy carbon composites. Wear 237(1): 54–62 (2000)

[79]

Csapo E, Zaidi H, Paulmier D. Friction behaviour of a graphite–graphite dynamic electric contact in the presence of argon. Wear 192: 151–156 (1996)

[80]

Mangalick M C. Frictional behavior of commercial graphites. Carbon 12(5): 573–576 (1974)

[81]

Bhowmick S, Banerji A, Alpas A T. Role of humidity in reducing sliding friction of multilayered graphene. Carbon 87: 374–384 (2015)

[82]

Liu Y B, Lim S C, Ray S, Rohatgi P K. Friction and wear of aluminium–graphite composites: The smearing process of graphite during sliding. Wear 159(2): 201–205 (1992)

[83]

Wang L, Tieu A K, Zhu H T, Deng G Y, Hai G J, Wang J, Yang J. The effect of expanded graphite with sodium metasilicate as lubricant at high temperature. Carbon 159: 345–356 (2020)

[84]

Chromik R R, Winfrey A L, Lüning J, Nemanich R J, Wahl K J. Run-in behavior of nanocrystalline diamond coatings studied by in situ tribometry. Wear 265(3–4): 477–489 (2008)

[85]

Radhika R, Kumar N, Sankaran K J, Dumpala R, Dash S, Ramachandra Rao M S, Arivuoli D, Tyagi A K, Tai N H, Lin I N. Extremely high wear resistance and ultra-low friction behaviour of oxygen-plasma-treated nanocrystalline diamond films. J Phys D Appl Phys 46(42): 425304 (2013)

[86]

Ferrari A C, Rodil S E, Robertson J. Interpretation of infrared and Raman spectra of amorphous carbon nitrides. Physl Rev B 67: 155306 (2003)

[87]

Deng X R, Kousaka H, Tokoroyama T, Umehara N. Tribological behavior of tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) coatings at elevated temperatures. Tribol Int 75: 98–103 (2014)

[88]

Jang Y J, Kim J I, Lee W Y, Kim J. Friction properties of thick tetrahedral amorphous carbon coating with different surface defects under dry contact conditions. Appl Surf Sci 550: 149332 (2021)

[89]

Bhowmick S, Banerji A, Khan M Z U, Lukitsch M J, Alpas A T. High temperature tribological behavior of tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) and fluorinated ta-C coatings against aluminum alloys. Surf Coat Tech 284: 14–25 (2015)

[90]

Konicek A R, Grierson D S, Sumant A V, Friedmann T A, Sullivan J P, Gilbert P U P A, Sawyer W G, Carpick R W. Influence of surface passivation on the friction and wear behavior of ultrananocrystalline diamond and tetrahedral amorphous carbon thin films. Phys Rev B 85: 155448 (2012)

[91]

Mustafa M M B, Umehara N, Tokoroyama T, Murashima M, Shibata A, Utsumi Y, Moriguchi H. Effect of mesh structure of tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) coating on friction and wear properties under base-oil lubrication condition. Tribol Int 147: 105557 (2020)

[92]

Li X, Murashima M, Umehara N. Effect of nanoparticles as lubricant additives on friction and wear behavior of tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) coating. Jurnal Tribologi 16: 15–29 (2018)

[93]
Sanchez-Lopez J C, Erdemir A, Donnet C, Rojas T C. Friction-induced structural transformations of diamondlike carbon coatings under various atmospheres. Surf Coat Tech 163–164 : 444–450 (2003)
[94]

Chen Z, He X, Xiao C, Kim S H. Effect of humidity on friction and wear—A critical review. Lubricants 6(3): 74 (2018)

[95]

Morstein C E, Klemenz A, Dienwiebel M, Moseler M. Humidity-dependent lubrication of highly loaded contacts by graphite and a structural transition to turbostratic carbon. Nat Commun 13: 5958 (2022)

[96]

Chen X C, Li J J. Superlubricity of carbon nanostructures. Carbon 158: 1–23 (2020)

[97]

Terrones M, Botello-Méndez A R, Campos-Delgado J, López-Urías F, Vega-Cantú Y I, Rodríguez-Macías F J, Elías A L, Muñoz-Sandoval E, Cano-Márquez A G, Charlier J C. Graphene and graphite nanoribbons: Morphology, properties, synthesis, defects and applications. Nano Today 5(4): 351–372 (2010)

[98]

Allen M J, Tung V C, Kaner R B. Honeycomb carbon: A review of graphene. Chem Rev 110(1): 132–145 (2010)

[99]

Chu P K, Li L H. Characterization of amorphous and nanocrystalline carbon films. Mater Chem Phys 96(2–3): 253–277 (2006)

[100]

Gruen D M. Nanocrystalline diamond films. Annu Rev Mater Sci 29: 211–259 (1999)

[101]
Jäger H, Frohs W. Industrial Carbon and Graphite Materials: Raw Materials, Production and Applications. Boschstr (Germany): WILEY-VCH GmbH, 2021.
[102]

Moore A. Highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite. Chemistry and Physics of Carbon 11: 70 (1973)

[103]

Chatterjee S, Kim N Y, Pugno N M, Biswal M, Cunning B V, Goo M, Jin S, Lee S H, Lee Z, Ruoff R S. Synthesis of highly oriented graphite films with a low wrinkle density and near-millimeter-scale lateral grains. Chem Mater 32(7): 3134–3143 (2020)

[104]

Dinadayalane T C, Leszczynski J. Remarkable diversity of carbon–carbon bonds: Structures and properties of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. Struct Chem 21(6): 1155–1169 (2010)

[105]

Georgakilas V, Perman J A, Tucek J, Zboril R. Broad family of carbon nanoallotropes: Classification, chemistry, and applications of fullerenes, carbon dots, nanotubes, graphene, nanodiamonds, and combined superstructures. Chem Rev 115(11): 4744–4822 (2015)

[106]

Li Z, Liu Z, Sun H Y, Gao C. Superstructured assembly of nanocarbons: Fullerenes, nanotubes, and graphene. Chem Rev 115(15): 7046–7117 (2015)

[107]

Casiraghi C, Piazza F, Ferrari A C, Grambole D, Robertson J. Bonding in hydrogenated diamond-like carbon by Raman spectroscopy. Diam Relat Mater 14: 1098–1102 (2005)

[108]
Benedek G, Milani P, Ralchenko V G. Nanostructured Carbon for Advanced Applications. Dordrecht (UK): Springer, 2001.
[109]

Ferrari A C, Robertson J. Raman spectroscopy of amorphous, nanostructured, diamond–like carbon, and nanodiamond. Philos T Roy Soc A 362(1824): 2477–2512 (2004)

[110]

Cui W G, Lai Q B, Zhang L, Wang F M. Quantitative measurements of sp3 content in DLC films with Raman spectroscopy. Surf Coat Tech 205(7): 1995–1999 (2010)

[111]

Zhang L, Wei X, Lin Y, Wang F. A ternary phase diagram for amorphous carbon. Carbon 94: 202–213 (2015)

[112]

Lajaunie L, Pardanaud C, Martin C, Puech P, Hu C, Biggs M J, Arenal R. Advanced spectroscopic analyses on a:C–H materials: Revisiting the EELS characterization and its coupling with multi-wavelength Raman spectroscopy. Carbon 112: 149–161 (2017)

[113]

Merlen A, Buijnsters J G, Pardanaud, C. A guide to and review of the use of multiwavelength raman spectroscopy for characterizing defective aromatic carbon solids: From graphene to amorphous carbons. Coatings 7(10): 153 (2017).

[114]

Bustillo K C, Petrich M A, Reimer J A. Characterization of amorphous hydrogenated carbon using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Chem Mater 2: 202–205 (1990)

[115]

Uskoković V. A historical review of glassy carbon: Synthesis, structure, properties and applications. Carbon Trends 5: 100116 (2021)

[116]

Sharma S. Glassy carbon: A promising material for micro- and nanomanufacturing. Materials 11(10): 1857 (2018)

[117]

Ray S C, Pong W F, Papakonstantinou P. Iron, nitrogen and silicon doped diamond like carbon (DLC) thin films: A comparative study. Thin Solid Films 610: 42–47 (2016)

[118]

Safaie P, Eshaghi A, Bakhshi S R. Structure and mechanical properties of oxygen doped diamond-like carbon thin films. Diam Relat Mater 70: 91–97 (2016)

[119]

Wang J J, Pu J B, Zhang G G, Wang L P. Tailoring the structure and property of silicon-doped diamond-like carbon films by controlling the silicon content. Surf Coat Tech 235: 326–332 (2013)

[120]

Filleter T, McChesney J L, Bostwick A, Rotenberg E, Emtsev K V, Seyller T, Horn K, Bennewitz R. Friction and dissipation in epitaxial graphene films. Phys Rev Lett 102(8): 086102 (2009)

[121]

Schwarz U D, Zwörner O, Köster P, Wiesendanger R. Quantitative analysis of the frictional properties of solid materials at low loads. I. Carbon compounds. Phys Rev B 56(11): 6987–6996 (1997)

[122]

Li J J, Li J F, Luo J B. Superlubricity of graphite sliding against graphene nanoflake under ultrahigh contact pressure. Adv Sci 5(11): 1800810 (2018)

[123]

Lee C G, Li Q Y, Kalb W, Liu X Z, Berger H, Carpick R W, Hone J. Frictional characteristics of atomically thin sheets. Science 328(5974): 76–80 (2010)

[124]

Lee C G, Wei X D, Li Q Y, Carpick R, Kysar J W, Hone J. Elastic and frictional properties of graphene. Phys Status Solidi B 246(11–12): 2562–2567 (2009)

[125]

Egberts P, Han G H, Liu X Z, Charlie Johnson A T, Carpick R W. Frictional behavior of atomically thin sheets: Hexagonal-shaped graphene islands grown on copper by chemical vapor deposition. ACS Nano 8(5): 5010–5021 (2014)

[126]

Gardos M N, Davis P S, Meldrum G R. Crystal-structure-controlled tribological behavior of carbon-graphite seal materials in partial pressures of helium andhydrogen. II. SEM tribometry. Tribol Lett 3: 185–198 (1997)

[127]

Xiao J K, Zhang L, Zhou K C, Li J G, Xie X L, Li Z Y. Anisotropic friction behaviour of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. Carbon 65: 53–62 (2013)

[128]

Chen Z, Khajeh A, Martini A, Kim S H. Chemical and physical origins of friction on surfaces with atomic steps. Sci Adv 5(8): eaaw0513 (2019)

[129]

Chen Z, Khajeh A, Martini A, Kim S H. Identifying physical and chemical contributions to friction: A comparative study of chemically inert and active graphene step edges. ACS Appl Mater Inter 12(26): 30007–30015 (2020)

[130]

Chen Z, Khajeh A, Martini A, Kim S H. Origin of high friction at graphene step edges on graphite. ACS Appl Mater Inter 13(1): 1895–1902 (2021)

[131]

Chen Z, Kim S H. Measuring nanoscale friction at graphene step edges. Friction 8(4): 802–811 (2020)

[132]

Chen Z, Vazirisereshk M R, Khajeh A, Martini A, Kim S H. Effect of atomic corrugation on adhesion and friction: A model study with graphene step edges. J Phys Chem Lett 10(21): 6455–6461 (2019)

[133]

Hunley D P, Flynn T J, Dodson T, Sundararajan A, Boland M J, Strachan D R. Friction, adhesion, and elasticity of graphene edges. Phys Rev B 87: 035417 (2013)

[134]

Wang Y F, Guo J M, Gao K X, Zhang B, Liang A M, Zhang J Y. Understanding the ultra-low friction behavior of hydrogenated fullerene-like carbon films grown with different flow rates of hydrogen gas. Carbon 77: 518–524 (2014)

[135]

Gao G T, Cannara R J, Carpick R W, Harrison J A. Atomic-scale friction on diamond: A comparison of different sliding directions on (001) and (111) surfaces using MD and AFM. Langmuir 23(10): 5394–5405 (2007)

[136]

Harrison J A, White C T, Colton R J, Brenner D W. Molecular-dynamics simulations of atomic-scale friction of diamond surfaces. Physl Rev B 46: 9700–9708 (1992)

[137]

Wang J J, Wang F, Li J M, Sun Q, Yuan P F, Jia Y. Comparative study of friction properties for hydrogen- and fluorine-modified diamond surfaces: A first-principles investigation. Surf Sci 608: 74–79 (2013).

[138]

Silva F J G, Casais R B, Martinho R P, Baptista A P M. Role of abrasive material on micro-abrasion wear tests. Wear 271(9–10): 2632–2639 (2011)

[139]

Jana A, Dandapat N, Das M, Balla V K, Chakraborty S, Saha R, Mallik A K. Severe wear behaviour of alumina balls sliding against diamond ceramic coatings. B Mater Sci 39(2): 573–586 (2016)

[140]

Sharma N, Kumar N, Dhara S, Dash S, Bahuguna A, Kamruddin M, Tyagi A K, Raj B. Tribological properties of ultra nanocrystalline diamond film-effect of sliding counterbodies. Tribol Int 53: 167–178 (2012)

[141]

Lemoine P, Quinn J P, Maguire P, McLaughlin J A. Comparing hardness and wear data for tetrahedral amorphous carbon and hydrogenated amorphous carbon thin films. Wear 257(5–6): 509–522 (2004)

[142]

Martínez E, Andújar J L, Polo M C, Esteve J, Robertson J, Milne W I. Study of the mechanical properties of tetrahedral amorphous carbon films by nanoindentation and nanowear measurements. Diam Relat Mater 10(2): 145–152 (2001)

[143]

Lim M S, Jang Y J, Kim J K, Kim J H, Kim S S. A study on friction and wear properties of tetrahedral amorphous carbon coatings on various counterpart materials. Tribology and Lubricants 34(6): 241–246 (2018)

[144]

Kim H I, Lince J R, Eryilmaz O L, Erdemir A. Environmental effects on the friction of hydrogenated DLC films. Tribol Lett 21: 51–56 (2006)

[145]

Li H X, Xu T, Wang C B, Chen J M, Zhou H D, Liu H W. Humidity dependence on the friction and wear behavior of diamond-like carbon film in air and nitrogen environments. Diam Relat Mater 15: 1585–1592 (2006)

[146]

Li H X, Xu T, Wang C B, Chen J M, Zhou H D, Liu H W. Tribochemical effects on the friction and wear behaviors of a-C: H and a-C films in different environment. Tribol Int 40(1): 132–138 (2007)

[147]

Wang K, Zhang J, Ma T B, Liu Y M, Song A S, Chen X C, Hu Y Z, Carpick R W, Luo J B. Unraveling the friction evolution mechanism of diamond-like carbon film during nanoscale running-in process toward superlubricity. Small 17(1): 2005607 (2021)

[148]

Mehta N J, Roy S, Johnson J A, Woodford J, Zinovev A, Islam Z, Erdemir A, Sinha S, Fenske G, Prorok B. X-ray studies of near-frictionless carbon films. MRS Online Proc Libr 843(1): 27 (2004)

[149]

Li K J, Zhang H, Li G Y, Zhang J L, Bouhadja M, Liu Z J, Skelton A A, Barati M. ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulation for the graphitization of amorphous carbon: A parametric study. J Chem Theory Comput 14(5): 2322–2331 (2018)

[150]

Campbell C T. Transition metal oxides: Extra thermodynamic stability as thin films. Phys Rev Lett 96: 066106 (2006)

[151]

Ferrari A C, Kleinsorge B, Morrison N A, Hart A, Stolojan V, Robertson J. Stress reduction and bond stability during thermal annealing of tetrahedral amorphous carbon. J Appl Phys 85(10): 7191–7197 (1999)

[152]

Merkle A P, Erdemir A, Eryilmaz O L, Johnson J A, Marks L D. In situ TEM studies of tribo-induced bonding modifications in near-frictionless carbon films. Carbon 48(3): 587–591 (2010)

[153]

Chen X C, Zhang C H, Kato T, Yang X A, Wu S D, Wang R, Nosaka M, Luo J B. Evolution of tribo-induced interfacial nanostructures governing superlubricity in a-C: H and a-C: H: Si films. Nat Commun 8: 1675 (2017)

[154]

Neidhardt J, Hultman L, Broitman E, Scharf T W, Singer I L. Structural, mechanical and tribological behavior of fullerene-like and amorphous carbon nitride coatings. Diam Relat Mater 13(10): 1882–1888 (2004)

[155]

Singer I L. How third-body processes affect friction and wear. MRS Bull 23(6): 37–40 (1998)

[156]
Singer I L, Dvorak S D, Wahl K J. Investigation of thrid body processes by in-vivo raman tribometry. Vtt Symp 200 : 31–44 (1999)
[157]

Guo F, Wang Z X, Liu Y, Wang Y M, Tian Y. Investigation of ultra-low friction between self-mated Si3N4 in water after running-in. Tribol Int 115: 365–369 (2017)

[158]

Zhang S M, Zhang C H, Li K, Luo J B. Investigation of ultra-low friction on steel surfaces with diketone lubricants. RSC Adv 8(17): 9402–9408 (2018)

[159]

Putz A M V, Burghelea T I. The solid–fluid transition in a yield stress shear thinning physical gel. Rheol Acta 48(6): 673–689 (2009)

[160]

Marino M J, Hsiao E, Chen Y S, Eryilmaz O L, Erdemir A, Kim S H. Understanding run-in behavior of diamond-like carbon friction and preventing diamond-like carbon wear in humid air. Langmuir 27(20): 12702–12708 (2011)

[161]

Harima H. Raman scattering characterization on SiC. Microelectron Eng 83(1): 126–129 (2006)

[162]

Cao F C, He Z. Determination of thermal conductivity using micro-Raman spectroscopy with a three-dimensional heating model. J Raman Spectrosc 50(12): 1969–1976 (2019)

[163]

Pappas D L, Saenger K L, Bruley J, Krakow W, Cuomo J J, Gu T, Collins R W. Pulsed laser deposition of diamond-like carbon films. J Appl Phys 71: 5675–5684 (1992)

[164]

Ma T B, Hu Y Z, Wang H. Molecular dynamics simulation of shear-induced graphitization of amorphous carbon films. Carbon 47(8): 1953–1957 (2009)

[165]

Li X W, Wang A Y, Lee K R. Insights on low-friction mechanism of amorphous carbon films from reactive molecular dynamics study. Tribol Int 131: 567–578 (2019)

[166]

Zhang J, Wang Y, Chen Q, Su Y X, Xu J X, Ootani Y, Ozawa N, Adachi K, Kubo M. Graphitization dynamics of DLC under water lubrication revealed by molecular dynamics simulation. J Comput Chem Jpn 18(2): 103–104 (2019)

[167]

Casiraghi C, Ferrari A C, Robertson J. Raman spectroscopy of hydrogenated amorphous carbons. Phys Rev B 72(8): 085401 (2005)

[168]

Abdallah W A, Yang Y. Raman spectrum of asphaltene. Energ Fuel 26(11): 6888–6896 (2012)

[169]

Fontaine J, Belin M, Le Mogne T, Grill A. How to restore superlow friction of DLC: The healing effect of hydrogen gas. Tribol Int 37(11–12): 869–877 (2004)

[170]
Fontaine J, Donnet C, Grill A, LeMogne T. Tribochemistry between hydrogen and diamond-like carbon films. Surf Coat Tech 146–147 : 286 291 (2001)
[171]

Chen W Q, Wang K, Miao X R, Zhang J, Song A S, Chen X C, Luo J B, Ma T B. Ultralow-friction at cryogenic temperature induced by hydrogen correlated quantum effect. Small 20(32): 2400083 (2024)

[172]
Hagen J. Industrial Catalysis: A Practical Approach. Boschstr (Germany): Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2015.
[173]

Yoshida H, Koizumi K, Boero M, Ehara M, Misumi S, Matsumoto A, Kuzuhara Y, Sato T, Ohyama J, Machida M. High turnover frequency CO–NO reactions over Rh overlayer catalysts: A comparative study using Rh nanoparticles. J Phys Chem C 123(10): 6080–6089 (2019)

[174]

Panagiotopoulou P. Hydrogenation of CO2 over supported noble metal catalysts. Appl CataL A-Gen 542: 63–70 (2017)

[175]

Böttcher A, Niehus H. Oxygen adsorbed on oxidized Ru(0001). Phys Rev B 60(20): 14396–14404 (1999)

[176]

Carosella C A, Comas J. Oxygen sticking coefficients on clean (111) silicon surfaces. Surf Sci 15(2): 303–312 (1969)

[177]

Alazizi A, Draskovics A, Ramirez G, Erdemir A, Kim S H. Tribochemistry of carbon films in oxygen and humid environments: Oxidative wear and galvanic corrosion. Langmuir 32(8): 1996–2004 (2016)

[178]

Khajeh A, Chen Z, Kim S H, Martini A. Effect of ambient chemistry on friction at the basal plane of graphite. ACS Appl Mater Inter 11(43): 40800–40807 (2019)

[179]

Cho D H, Bhushan B, Dyess J. Mechanisms of static and kinetic friction of polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and high-density polyethylene pairs during sliding. Tribol Int 94: 165–175 (2016)

[180]

Toth P. Nanostructure quantification of turbostratic carbon by HRTEM image analysis: State of the art, biases, sensitivity and best practices. Carbon 178: 688–707 (2021)

[181]

Farbos B, Weisbecker P, Fischer H E, Da Costa J P, Lalanne M, Chollon G, Germain C, Vignoles G L, Leyssale J M. Nanoscale structure and texture of highly anisotropic pyrocarbons revisited with transmission electron microscopy, image processing, neutron diffraction and atomistic modeling. Carbon 80: 472–489 (2014)

[182]

Ong T S, Yang H. Effect of atmosphere on the mechanical milling of natural graphite. Carbon 38: 2077–2085 (2000)

[183]

Huang J Y, Yasuda H, Mori H. Highly curved carbon nanostructures produced by ball-milling. Chem Phys Lett 303(1–2): 130–134 (1999)

[184]

Chen X C, Yin X, Qi W, Zhang C H, Choi J, Wu S D, Wang R, Luo J B. Atomic-scale insights into the interfacial instability of superlubricity in hydrogenated amorphous carbon films. Sci Adv 6(13): eaay1272 (2020)

[185]

He Z, Song J L, Lian P F, Zhang D Q, Liu Z J. Excluding molten fluoride salt from nuclear graphite by SiC/glassy carbon composite coating. Nucl Eng Technol 51(5): 1390–1397 (2019)

[186]

Marques F C, Lacerda R G, Champi A, Stolojan V, Cox D C, Silva S R P. Thermal expansion coefficient of hydrogenated amorphous carbon. Appl Phys Lett 83(15): 3099–3101 (2003)

[187]

Ben J, Martinotto A L, Rech G L, Zorzi J E, Perottoni C A. Thermal expansion of continuous random networks of carbon. J Non-Cryst Solids 576: 121260 (2022)

Friction
Article number: 9440995
Cite this article:
Jang S, Chen Z, Kim SH. Origin of superlubricity of diamond-like carbon (DLC). Friction, 2025, 13(1): 9440995. https://doi.org/10.26599/FRICT.2025.9440995

466

Views

101

Downloads

0

Crossref

0

Web of Science

0

Scopus

0

CSCD

Altmetrics

Received: 17 July 2023
Revised: 21 August 2024
Accepted: 28 August 2024
Published: 27 December 2024
© The Author(s) 2025.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Return