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Review Article | Open Access

Critical review on biological effects and mechanisms of amide alkaloids in Piper nigrum and Piper longum

Guang-Ju Gu1,2,3,†, Yu-Nan Yang1,2,3,†, Feng Zhang1,2,3, Lin-Lan Tao1,2,4, Xiao-Jiang Hao1,2,5( ), Chun-Mao Yuan1,2,4( )
State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Natural Medicines, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China

†† Guang-Ju Gu and Yu-Nan Yang contributed equally to this work.

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Highlights

(1) This review provides the first summary of amide alkaloids in Piper nigrum and Piper longum, along with their bioactivity and mechanisms of action.

(2) 239 Amide alkaloids are included, and 97 of them showed wide bioactivity.

(3) The most investigated activities of amide alkaloids were their anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects, suggesting that P. nigrum and P. longum could be utilized in treating these diseases.

(4) The review indicated that amide alkaloids were the primary bioactive constituents, and the full potential of these alkaloids also requires development.

Abstract

Piper nigrum and Piper longum are globally popular spices, listed in the catalog of medicinal food homology. Their fruits are abundant in amide alkaloids, exhibiting a wide range of biological activities. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research on amide alkaloids from those two edible species, focusing on their activities and mechanisms of action. 239 amide alkaloids are summarized in this review, of which 97 exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and neuroprotective effects. The anti-inflammatory properties of amide alkaloids are associated with the ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Their anti-tumor effects are mediated through the Src/ERK/STAT3, ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and Akt pathways. Additionally, the neuroprotective benefits are linked to the NGF/Trka/Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway. These findings suggest that P. nigrum and P. longum could be valuable for promoting human health care.

Graphical Abstract

Piper nigrum and Piper longum are widely used as flavoring agents and healthy supplements in the food industry. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research on amide alkaloids from those two edible species, focusing on their activities and mechanisms of action.

Keywords

Piper nigrumPiper longumamide alkaloidsbiological activitymechanismmedicinal food homology

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Food & Medicine Homology
Volume 3 Issue 1,
March 2026
Article number: 9420083
DOI: 10.26599/FMH.2026.9420083

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Cite this article:
Gu G-J, Yang Y-N, Zhang F, et al. Critical review on biological effects and mechanisms of amide alkaloids in Piper nigrum and Piper longum. Food & Medicine Homology, 2026, 3(1): 9420083. https://doi.org/10.26599/FMH.2026.9420083

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Web of Science
Received: 11 August 2024
Revised: 29 August 2024
Accepted: 11 September 2024
Published: 24 January 2025
© National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology 2025. Published by Tsinghua University Press.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).