MILD: Mediator agentic system with bidirectional perception and multi-layered alignment for human-vehicle collaboration

Prior studies report that partial driving automation can increase the cognitive demands on human drivers. This effect largely arises from human drivers’ lack of transparent insight into the vehicle’s intentions and decision logic, as well as from automated systems’ limited awareness of the driver’s dynamic state and preferences. This bidirectional misalignment undermines shared situational awareness and exacerbates coordination failures in human-vehicle interactions. To address these limitations, we argue for a paradigm shift that elevates the human role from passive supervisor to active manager. We introduce the mediator-in-the-loop-driving (MILD) system based on an agentic system architecture to facilitate synergistic human-vehicle collaboration. MILD integrates a perception agent for joint in-cabin and out-of-cabin understanding with a lightweight strategy agent that generates compliant and explainable action suggestions. To ensure that these strategies are strictly aligned with safety regulations and human values, we develop evidence- and constraint-weighted policy optimization (ECPO). ECPO leverages automatic validators to steer the agent toward behaviors that are not only accurate but also structurally complete, substantiated by evidence, and less prone to constraint violations. Furthermore, a retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) module dynamically incorporates constraints from traffic regulations, speed recommendations, and driver preferences into the decision loop. Experiments across three open datasets demonstrate that MILD consistently outperforms baselines in both perception Accuracy (Acc) and strategy quality under auditable offline metrics and yields higher human-rated policy adequacy, comfort, and explanation than baselines. These results support MILD as a practical reference design for auditable high-level intelligent cockpit mediation and offer insights for building future human-vehicle collaborative driving.