The fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder. However, it still has no available disease-modifying therapies. Its pathology cascade begins decades before symptomatic presentation. For these reasons, highly sensitive and highly specific fluid biomarkers should be developed for the early diagnosis of AD. In this study, the well-established and emerging fluid biomarkers of AD are summarized, and recent advances on their role in early diagnosis and progression monitoring as well as their correlations with AD pathology are highlighted. Future prospects and related research directions are also discussed.