Current Applications and Advances of Ultrasound in Predicting Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Pregnant Women with Pre-eclampsia

Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy-specific complication characterized by new-onset hypertension and proteinuria or other target organ dysfunction after 20 weeks of gestation, posing serious threats to maternal and fetal health. In recent years, early prediction of adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with pre-eclampsia has become an important research direction. This review summarizes the research progress on the application of ultrasound parameters in this field, focusing on the clinical value of grayscale ultrasound, Doppler ultrasound technology, three-dimensional ultrasound technology, and microvascular flow imaging technology. The advantages and existing limitations of each technique are analyzed, and future development directions including the integration of multimodal parameters, combination with serological biomarkers, and artificial intelligence are discussed, aiming to provide references for early warning and optimization of clinical management of pre-eclampsia.