Research progress on mechanisms of skin aging and anti-aging strategies

Skin aging, a multidimensional biological process, is co-regulated by intrinsic genetic factors and extrinsic environmental factors. Its mechanisms involve multiple aspects, including cellular senescence, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and collagen metabolism imbalance. In recent years, with the rapid development of molecular biology, regenerative medicine, and nanotechnology, research on skin aging has shifted from exploring single mechanisms to interdisciplinary integration. This review presents a systematic review of fundamental theories of skin aging, including biological mechanisms, genetic and environmental factors, and cellular-molecular changes; Analyzed its epidemiological characteristics, covering global prevalence trends, age and gender differences, as well as racial and geographical variations; Delved into pathological mechanisms including oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and collagen degradation; Summarized recent advancements in diagnostic technologies, including imaging diagnostics, biomarkers, and genetic testing; Detailed therapeutic strategies such as pharmacotherapy, physical therapy, and nutritional and lifestyle interventions; Introduced applications of regenerative medicine, nanotechnology, and biomaterial innovations in the anti-aging field; discussed current controversies regarding treatment efficacy evaluation, safety, and ethical-social concerns; finally presented an outlook for future development directions including personalized therapy and interdisciplinary collaboration. By integrating recent research advances, this review aims to provide a comprehensive reference framework for fundamental research and clinical applications in skin aging, thereby advancing the development of the anti-aging field.