Reliability-oriented optimal operation of distribution network considering the coordinated flexibility of EVs and hydrogen fueling stations

The increasing penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) and hydrogen fueling stations (HFSs) brings up additional power demand with high flexibility, which shows great potential to enhance the performance of the distribution network. This paper proposes a reliability-oriented optimal operation model considering the coordinated flexibility of EVs and HFSs to reduce interruption loss during outages for the distribution network. In the proposed model, to incorporate the flexibility of HFSs, the multi-state Markov model considering multi-mode operation and inherent reliability is formulated for HFSs. To estimate the comprehensive demand of different types of vehicles, a novel behavior model is established to consider the respective characteristics of EVs and hydrogen-based fuel cell electric vehicles, and support vector regression (SVR) is deployed for traffic volume forecasting. The Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) technique is utilized for system state analysis during contingencies. Based on the simulation results, the system reliability, operation economy, and renewable energy accommodation capability are comprehensively evaluated. The proposed method is tested on the modified IEEE 34-bus system considering multi-time periods. The results indicate that, compared with existing methods that do not account for coordination with HFSs, the proposed coordinated method reduces the expected energy not supplied (EENS) and loss of load probability (LOLP) by 33.8% and 18.9%, respectively, and lowers the interruption costs by 25.9%.