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iEnergy 2023, 2(2): 133-142 https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2023.0013
Article | Open Access | Issue | Published: 01 June 2023

Blockchain-assisted virtual power plant framework for providing operating reserve with various distributed energy resources

Show Author's Information Hongyi Li,  Hongxun Hui,  Hongcai Zhang( )
State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
Keywords:
virtual power plant, distributed energy resources, Blockchain technology, operating reserve, reserve capacity evaluation
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Li H, Hui H, Zhang H. Blockchain-assisted virtual power plant framework for providing operating reserve with various distributed energy resources. iEnergy, 2023, 2(2): 133-142. https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2023.0013
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Abstract Full text About this article

The paradigm shift from a coal-based power system to a renewable-energy-based power system brings more challenges to the supply-demand balance of the grid. Distributed energy resources (DERs), which can provide operating reserve to the grid, are regarded as a promising solution to compensate for the power fluctuation of the renewable energy resources. Small-scale DERs can be aggregated as a virtual power plant (VPP), which is eligible to bid in the operating reserve market. Since the DERs usually belong to different entities, it is important to investigate the VPP operation framework that coordinates the DERs in a trusted manner. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-assisted operating reserve framework for VPPs that aggregates various DERs. Considering the heterogeneity of various DERs, we propose a unified reserve capacity evaluation method to facilitate the aggregation of DERs. By considering the mismatch between actual available reserve capacity and the estimated value, the performance of VPP in the operating reserve market is improved. A hardware-based experimental system is developed, and numerical results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.


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About this article

Blockchain-assisted virtual power plant framework for providing operating reserve with various distributed energy resources

Show Author's information Hongyi Li, Hongxun Hui, Hongcai Zhang( )
State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China

Abstract

The paradigm shift from a coal-based power system to a renewable-energy-based power system brings more challenges to the supply-demand balance of the grid. Distributed energy resources (DERs), which can provide operating reserve to the grid, are regarded as a promising solution to compensate for the power fluctuation of the renewable energy resources. Small-scale DERs can be aggregated as a virtual power plant (VPP), which is eligible to bid in the operating reserve market. Since the DERs usually belong to different entities, it is important to investigate the VPP operation framework that coordinates the DERs in a trusted manner. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-assisted operating reserve framework for VPPs that aggregates various DERs. Considering the heterogeneity of various DERs, we propose a unified reserve capacity evaluation method to facilitate the aggregation of DERs. By considering the mismatch between actual available reserve capacity and the estimated value, the performance of VPP in the operating reserve market is improved. A hardware-based experimental system is developed, and numerical results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.

Keywords: virtual power plant, distributed energy resources, Blockchain technology, operating reserve, reserve capacity evaluation

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Publication history

Received: 09 March 2023
Revised: 12 June 2023
Accepted: 12 June 2023
Published: 01 June 2023
Issue date: June 2023

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© The author(s) 2023.

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

This paper is funded by The Science and Technology Development Fund, Macau SAR (File No. 0011/2022/AGJ and File No. SKL-IOTSC(UM)-2021-2023).

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This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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