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Ship Design and Performance | Publishing Language: Chinese

Analysis of wave breaking and bubble distribution characteristics of surfaced submarine based on curvature refinement adaptive mesh

Bo XING1,2, Yuxiao YANG1,2, Yiding HU1,2, Bing CHAI1,2, Cheng LIU1,2( )
School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Abstract

Objective

This study aims to investigate the spatial distribution characteristics of breaking waves and the entrainment characteristics of bubbles in the flow field during submarine surface sailing.

Method

A self-developed adaptive mesh two-phase flow solver, based on a curvature criterion, was used to simulate the flow field of submarine surface sailing. Using a self-developed bubble recognition program, the simulation data were statistically analyzed to obtain the characteristics of bubble size distribution and spatial distribution within the flow field.

Results

By using the curvature criterion, the number of computational grids required is effectively reduced. When the submarine is sailing on the surface, the volume of the bubbles in the wake region accounts for more than 80% of the total volume of bubbles in the flow field. As the submarine's Froude number increases from 0.28 to 0.38, the intensity of wake breaking significantly rises. The total number of bubbles increases by approximately 60%, the total entrainment volume of bubbles increases by about 50%, and the primary distribution of bubbles gradually shifts toward the outer and rear areas of the submarine.

Conclusion

This study can provide a reference for exploring the hydrodynamic characteristics of the submarine surface sailing.

Keywords

curvature refinement adaptive meshsubmarinesurface sailingwave breakingbubble entrainmenthydrodynamicscomputational fluid dynamics
CLC number: U674.941; U661.1 Document code: A

References

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Chinese Journal of Ship Research
Volume 21 Issue 3,
June 2026
Pages 46-55
DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04410

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Cite this article:
XING B, YANG Y, HU Y, et al. Analysis of wave breaking and bubble distribution characteristics of surfaced submarine based on curvature refinement adaptive mesh. Chinese Journal of Ship Research, 2026, 21(3): 46-55. https://doi.org/10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04410

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Received: 14 March 2025
Revised: 26 April 2025
Published: 12 March 2026
© 2026 Chinese Journal of Ship Research.