Progress in verification and validation of simulations for underwater blast-induced hull structural damage

In recent years, significant progress has been made in the numerical simulation of underwater explosion-induced hull structural damage. However, the credibility assessment of simulation results remains an urgent issue to address. To provide a systematic reference for future research in this field, this review summarizes the progress in the verification and validation (V&V) of numerical simulations for underwater explosion-induced hull structural damage. First, the basic concepts and guidelines of V&V are introduced, including the V&V guidelines for computational fluid dynamics and computational structural mechanics established by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), as well as the related content of Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) and Accreditation. Second, this review details V&V tests for numerical simulations of underwater explosion-induced hull structural damage, offering a hierarchical summary and categorization of tests, ranging from the single problem layer to the benchmark process layer, subsystem layer, and full system layer. Specific tests cover various aspects, including shock wave dynamics, detonation fluid dynamics, bubble dynamics, strong shock fluid-structure interaction mechanics, and structural elastoplastic mechanics. In addition, the research progress in V&V methods is summarized, including code verification, solution verification, validation tests and their hierarchical levels, uncertainty analysis, validation metrics, and parameter calibration. The application and development of these methods in the numerical simulation of underwater explosion and hull structural damage are elaborated in detail. Finally, future research directions are proposed, such as strengthening the validation of basic-level benchmark models, developing V&V methods tailored to the specific characteristics of underwater explosion and damage mechanics, and exploring error estimation, uncertainty propagation, and quantification analysis methods for system-level models of hull structural damage caused by underwater explosion. Through the above literature review, this study provides a technical reference for the future credibility assessment system of underwater explosion and hull structural damage simulations, as well as for model-based ship life-cycle design.