Etiology and clinical analysis of secondary glaucoma: a single-center study from northwest China

To investigate the etiology and clinical characteristics of hospitalized secondary glaucoma (SG) patients in northwestern China.

A cross-sectional study was conducted involving SG patients hospitalized between July 2024 and January 2025. Clinical data were collected, including medical history, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), slit-lamp examination, gonioscopic findings, and fundus examination. Demographic characteristics, etiological factors, and treatment modalities were analyzed.

A total of 67 patients (82 eyes) were enrolled, aged 7 to 90y. Males accounted for 54.0% (36/67), and 22.4% (15/67) of patients had bilateral involvement. The predominant etiologies of SG were neovascular glaucoma (NVG; 25.4%), traumatic glaucoma (23.9%), uveitic glaucoma (20.9%), and lens-induced glaucoma (14.9%), collectively accounting for 85.1% of all cases. The peak age-specific incidence occurred in the 50–59 years age group (32.8%, 22/67), while NVG was prevalent across the 40–79 years age range. IOP of the 82 affected eyes was stratified into five severity tiers: 22–29 mm Hg (15 eyes, 18.3%), 30–39 mm Hg (14 eyes, 17.1%), 40–49 mm Hg (13 eyes, 15.9%), 50–59 mm Hg (20 eyes, 24.4%), and ≥60 mm Hg (20 eyes, 24.4%). The overall mean IOP was 45.2±12.3 mm Hg, indicating a significant pathological elevation. Surgical intervention was required in 46.3% of cases, predominantly for NVG, lens-induced glaucoma, and traumatic glaucoma—conditions prone to rapid IOP elevation. The etiologies with the highest surgical intervention rates were malignant glaucoma, pigmentary glaucoma, lens-induced glaucoma, and NVG. In contrast, uveitic glaucoma cases were primarily managed with targeted anti-inflammatory therapy, which effectively controlled IOP in the early disease stages and potentially obviated the need for surgery.

This study identifies NVG, traumatic glaucoma, uveitic glaucoma, and lens-induced glaucoma as the four leading etiologies of SG in Northwestern China. These findings emphasize the critical need for targeted prevention strategies and evidence-based health education programs among high-risk populations. Implementation of such initiatives will improve early detection, enable ophthalmologists to deliver timely therapeutic interventions, and ultimately reduce preventable vision loss in this region.