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CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 2023, 9(3): 829-845 https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2022.04850
Open Access | Issue | Published: 09 December 2022

Photovoltaics and Energy Storage Integrated Flexible Direct Current Distribution Systems of Buildings: Definition, Technology Review, and Application

Show Author's Information Xiaochen Liu1,  Xiaohua Liu1( ),  Yi Jiang1,  Tao Zhang1,  Bin Hao2
Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Shenzhen Institute of Building Research Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518049, China
Keywords:
energy storage, Demand response, energy flexibility, photovoltaics, direct current, low-carbon building
Cite this article:
Liu X, Liu X, Jiang Y, et al. Photovoltaics and Energy Storage Integrated Flexible Direct Current Distribution Systems of Buildings: Definition, Technology Review, and Application. CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, 2023, 9(3): 829-845. https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2022.04850
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Abstract Full text About this article

For a future carbon-neutral society, it is a great challenge to coordinate between the demand and supply sides of a power grid with high penetration of renewable energy sources. In this paper, a general power distribution system of buildings, namely, PEDF (photovoltaics, energy storage, direct current, flexibility), is proposed to provide an effective solution from the demand side. A PEDF system integrates distributed photovoltaics, energy storages (including traditional and virtual energy storage), and a direct current distribution system into a building to provide flexible services for the external power grid. System topology and control strategies at the grid, building, and device levels are introduced and analyzed. We select representative work about key technologies of the PEDF system in recent years, analyze research focuses, and summarize their major challenges & future opportunities. Then, we introduce three real application cases of the PEDF system. On-site measurement results demonstrate its feasibility and advantages. With the rapid growth of renewable power production and electric vehicles, the PEDF system is a potential and promising approach for large-scale integration of renewable energy in a carbon-neutral future.


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About this article

Photovoltaics and Energy Storage Integrated Flexible Direct Current Distribution Systems of Buildings: Definition, Technology Review, and Application

Show Author's information Xiaochen Liu1, Xiaohua Liu1( ), Yi Jiang1, Tao Zhang1, Bin Hao2
Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Shenzhen Institute of Building Research Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518049, China

Abstract

For a future carbon-neutral society, it is a great challenge to coordinate between the demand and supply sides of a power grid with high penetration of renewable energy sources. In this paper, a general power distribution system of buildings, namely, PEDF (photovoltaics, energy storage, direct current, flexibility), is proposed to provide an effective solution from the demand side. A PEDF system integrates distributed photovoltaics, energy storages (including traditional and virtual energy storage), and a direct current distribution system into a building to provide flexible services for the external power grid. System topology and control strategies at the grid, building, and device levels are introduced and analyzed. We select representative work about key technologies of the PEDF system in recent years, analyze research focuses, and summarize their major challenges & future opportunities. Then, we introduce three real application cases of the PEDF system. On-site measurement results demonstrate its feasibility and advantages. With the rapid growth of renewable power production and electric vehicles, the PEDF system is a potential and promising approach for large-scale integration of renewable energy in a carbon-neutral future.

Keywords: energy storage, Demand response, energy flexibility, photovoltaics, direct current, low-carbon building

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Publication history
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Publication history

Received: 20 July 2022
Revised: 26 September 2022
Accepted: 11 November 2022
Published: 09 December 2022
Issue date: May 2023

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© 2022 CSEE.

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgment

The authors wish to thank the Shenzhen Institute of Building Research Co., Ltd., Building Energy Research Center of Tsinghua University, and Gree Electric Appliances Inc. of Zhuhai for applying the PEDF system for demonstration. The authors appreciate Dr. Guangchun Ruan from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Mr. Yikang Xiao from Tsinghua University for their helpful reviews and comments on this paper.

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This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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