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CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 2022, 8(2): 403-419 https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2021.02010
Open Access | Issue | Published: 14 February 2022

Data Center Power System Stability – Part I: Power Supply Impedance Modeling

Show Author's Information Jian Sun ( ),  Mingchun Xu,  Mauricio Cespedes,  Mike Kauffman
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – ECSE, 110 8th Street Room CII 8015, Troy 12180, United States
Meta Platforms Inc., 1601 Willow Rd, Menlo Park, California 94025-1452, United States
Keywords:
Data center power systems, frequency-domain methods, impedance modeling, system stability, system resonance
Cite this article:
Sun J, Xu M, Cespedes M, et al. Data Center Power System Stability – Part I: Power Supply Impedance Modeling. CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, 2022, 8(2): 403-419. https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2021.02010
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Abstract Full text About this article

This two-part paper presents methods to predict, characterize and ensure the stability of data center power systems based on impedance analysis. The work was motivated by recent power system resonance incidents in new data centers. Part I presents new input impedance models for single-phase power supply units (PSUs) to enable this application. Existing impedance models of single-phase PSU cannot meet the requirements of this application because they exclude DC voltage control that affects system stability at low frequency, or are in a dq reference frame that cannot handle the complexity of data center power systems. The developed new models include DC bus dynamics and are directly in the phase domain to simplify system stability analysis, avoiding the need for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system models and the generalized Nyquist criterion that are difficult to apply but necessary with dq-frame models. Both the converter and system level models also include the coupled current response that is characteristic of AC-DC converters and important for system stability at low frequency. The simple form of the models and system stability analysis directly in the phase domain also make it possible to develop new PSU design methods and performance specifications that together will ensure the stability of new data center power systems. The developed models are validated by laboratory measurements and are used in Part II of the work to study data center power system stability.


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Data Center Power System Stability – Part I: Power Supply Impedance Modeling

Show Author's information Jian Sun ( ), Mingchun Xu, Mauricio Cespedes, Mike Kauffman
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – ECSE, 110 8th Street Room CII 8015, Troy 12180, United States
Meta Platforms Inc., 1601 Willow Rd, Menlo Park, California 94025-1452, United States

Abstract

This two-part paper presents methods to predict, characterize and ensure the stability of data center power systems based on impedance analysis. The work was motivated by recent power system resonance incidents in new data centers. Part I presents new input impedance models for single-phase power supply units (PSUs) to enable this application. Existing impedance models of single-phase PSU cannot meet the requirements of this application because they exclude DC voltage control that affects system stability at low frequency, or are in a dq reference frame that cannot handle the complexity of data center power systems. The developed new models include DC bus dynamics and are directly in the phase domain to simplify system stability analysis, avoiding the need for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system models and the generalized Nyquist criterion that are difficult to apply but necessary with dq-frame models. Both the converter and system level models also include the coupled current response that is characteristic of AC-DC converters and important for system stability at low frequency. The simple form of the models and system stability analysis directly in the phase domain also make it possible to develop new PSU design methods and performance specifications that together will ensure the stability of new data center power systems. The developed models are validated by laboratory measurements and are used in Part II of the work to study data center power system stability.

Keywords: Data center power systems, frequency-domain methods, impedance modeling, system stability, system resonance

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Received: 20 March 2021
Revised: 28 May 2021
Accepted: 12 November 2021
Published: 14 February 2022
Issue date: March 2022

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