Journal Home > Volume 8 , Issue 5

Partial shadings on the photovoltaic (PV) array causes reduction in maximum power generation. Reconfiguration of PV arrays plays an important role in increasing the maximum power generation from PV array configurations under partial shadings. In general, partial shadings on the PV arrays are concentrated on a group of modules. Therefore, the distribution of shading over the array increases the maximum power generation. This paper uses a modified Sudoku pattern to increase the maximum power generation from the PV array configurations. The PV array configurations are analyzed by considering column wiring resistance and cross ties resistance. The modified Sudoku pattern is applied to Total-Cross-Tied (T-C-T), Bridge-Link (B-L) and Honey-Comb (H-C) configurations and their performances are analyzed under various shading patterns, such as short narrow, short wide, long narrow, long wide, middle and diagonal. The specifications, such as Global Maximum Power (GMP), Mismatch losses, Fill Factor, Efficiency are considered to see the efficacy of various PV array configurations and their reconfigurations. From the results, it can be concluded that reconfigured T-C-T PV array generates the highest GMP compared to other configurations under considered shading patterns.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article

Reconfiguration of PV Arrays (T-C-T, B-L, H-C) Considering Wiring Resistance

Show Author's information Kandipati RajaniTejavathu Ramesh ( )
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, West Godavari-534101, India

Abstract

Partial shadings on the photovoltaic (PV) array causes reduction in maximum power generation. Reconfiguration of PV arrays plays an important role in increasing the maximum power generation from PV array configurations under partial shadings. In general, partial shadings on the PV arrays are concentrated on a group of modules. Therefore, the distribution of shading over the array increases the maximum power generation. This paper uses a modified Sudoku pattern to increase the maximum power generation from the PV array configurations. The PV array configurations are analyzed by considering column wiring resistance and cross ties resistance. The modified Sudoku pattern is applied to Total-Cross-Tied (T-C-T), Bridge-Link (B-L) and Honey-Comb (H-C) configurations and their performances are analyzed under various shading patterns, such as short narrow, short wide, long narrow, long wide, middle and diagonal. The specifications, such as Global Maximum Power (GMP), Mismatch losses, Fill Factor, Efficiency are considered to see the efficacy of various PV array configurations and their reconfigurations. From the results, it can be concluded that reconfigured T-C-T PV array generates the highest GMP compared to other configurations under considered shading patterns.

Keywords: efficiency, reconfiguration, fill factor, Bridge-link, global maximum power, honey-comb, photovoltaic array, Sudoku, Total-Cross-Tied

References(43)

[1]
A. Mohapatra, B. Nayak, P. Das, and K. B. Mohanty, “A review on MPPT techniques of PV system under partial shading condition,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 80, pp. 854–867, Dec. 2017.
[2]
Q. Wang and Y. Liu, “India’s renewable energy: New insights from multi-regional input output and structural decomposition analysis,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 283, pp. 124230, Feb. 2021.
[3]
N. A. Lee, “Solar Energy Conversion,” Green Chemistry, pp. 881–918, Jan. 2018.
[4]
International Energy Agency (IEA), “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2016; Technical Report,” International Energy Agency: Paris, France, 2017.
DOI
[5]
Y. H. Ji, D. Y. Jung, J. G. Kim, J. H. Kim, T. W. Lee, and C. Y. Won, “A real maximum power point tracking method for mismatching compensation in PV array under partially shaded conditions,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 1001–1009, Apr. 2011.
[6]
D. Pilakkat and S. Kanthalakshmi, “An improved P&O algorithm integrated with artificial bee colony for photovoltaic systems under partial shading conditions,” Solar Energy, vol. 178, pp. 37–47, Jan. 2019.
[7]
E. Koutroulis and F. Blaabjerg, “A new technique for tracking the global maximum power point of PV arrays operating under partial-shading conditions,” IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 184–190, Apr. 2012.
[8]
M. Dhimish, “Assessing MPPT techniques on hot-spotted and partially shaded photovoltaic modules: comprehensive review based on experimental data,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 1132–1144, Mar. 2019.
[9]
E. V. Paraskevadaki and S. A. Papathanassiou, “Evaluation of MPP voltage and power of mc-Si PV modules in partial shading conditions,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 923–932, Sep. 2011.
[10]
A. O. Baba, G. Y. Liu, and X. H. Chen, “Classification and evaluation review of maximum power point tracking methods,” Sustainable Futures, vol. 2, pp. 100020, Apr. 2020.
[11]
E. Karatepe, M. Boztepe, and M. Çolak, “Development of a suitable model for characterizing photovoltaic arrays with shaded solar cells,” Solar Energy, vol. 81, no. 8, pp. 977–992, Aug. 2007.
[12]
Y. J. Wang and P. C. Hsu, “An investigation on partial shading of PV modules with different connection configurations of PV cells,” Energy, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 3069–3078, May 2011.
[13]
S. R. Pendem and S. Mikkili, “Modeling, simulation, and performance analysis of PV array configurations (Series, Series-Parallel, Bridge-Linked, and Honey-Comb) to harvest maximum power under various Partial Shading Conditions,” International Journal of Green Energy, vol. 15, no. 13, pp. 795–812, Oct. 2018.
[14]
S. R. Pendem and S. Mikkili, “Modelling and performance assessment of PV array topologies under partial shading conditions to mitigate the mismatching power losses,” Solar Energy, vol. 160, pp. 303–321, Jan. 2018.
[15]
N. D. Kaushika and N. K. Gautam, “Energy yield simulations of interconnected solar PV arrays,” in 2003 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37491), Toronto, 2003, pp. 2618.
[16]
A. Mäki and S. Valkealahti, “Effect of photovoltaic generator components on the number of MPPs under partial shading conditions,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 1008–1017, Dec. 2013.
[17]
R. Ramaprabha and B. L. Mathur, “A comprehensive review and analysis of solar photovoltaic array configurations under partial shaded conditions,” International Journal of Photoenergy, vol. 2012. pp. 120214. Mar. 2012.
[18]
T. Ramesh, K. Rajani, and A. K. Panda, “A novel triple-tied-cross-linked PV array configuration with reduced number of cross-ties to extract maximum power under partial shading conditions,” CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 567–581, May 2021.
[19]
P. K. Bonthagorla and S. Mikkili, “A novel fixed PV array configuration for harvesting maximum power from shaded modules by reducing the number of cross-ties,” IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 2109–2121, Apr. 2021.
[20]
A. A. Desai and S. Mikkili, “Modelling and analysis of PV configurations (alternate TCT-BL, total cross tied, series, series parallel, bridge linked and honey comb) to extract maximum power under partial shading conditions,” CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, .
[21]
D. P. Winston, S. Kumaravel, B. P. Kumar, and S. Devakirubakaran, “Performance improvement of solar PV array topologies during various partial shading conditions,” Solar Energy, vol. 196, pp. 228–242, Jan. 2020.
[22]
A. Bidram, A. Davoudi, and R. S. Balog, “Control and circuit techniques to mitigate partial shading effects in photovoltaic arrays,” IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 532–546, Oct. 2012.
[23]
S. Busquets-Monge, J. Rocabert, P. Rodriguez, S. Alepuz, and J. Bordonau, “Multilevel diode-clamped converter for photovoltaic generators with independent voltage control of each solar array,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 2713–2723, Jul. 2008.
[24]
E. Karatepe, T. Hiyama, M. Boztepe, and M. Colak, “Power controller design for photovoltaic generation system under partially shaded insolation conditions,” in 2007 International Conference on Intelligent Systems Applications to Power Systems, Kaohsiung, China, 2007, pp. 1-6.
[25]
G. Spagnuolo, G. Petrone, B. Lehman, C. A. R. Paja, Y. Zhao, and M. L. O. Gutierrez, “Control of photovoltaic arrays: dynamical reconfiguration for fighting mismatched conditions and meeting load requests,” IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 62–76, Mar. 2015.
[26]
K. Ş. Parlak, “PV array reconfiguration method under partial shading conditions,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 63, pp. 713–721, Dec. 2014.
[27]
K. H. Chao, P. L. Lai, and B. J. Liao, “The optimal configuration of photovoltaic module arrays based on adaptive switching controls,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 100, pp. 157–167, Aug. 2015.
[28]
A. Tabanjat, M. Becherif, and D. Hissel, “Reconfiguration solution for shaded PV panels using switching control,” Renewable Energy, vol. 82, pp. 4–13, Oct. 2015.
[29]
B. I. Rani, G. S. Ilango, and C. Nagamani, “Enhanced power generation from PV array under partial shading conditions by shade dispersion using Su Do Ku configuration,” IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 594–601, Jul. 2013.
[30]
M. Horoufiany and R. Ghandehari, “Optimization of the sudoku based reconfiguration technique for PV arrays power enhancement under mutual shading conditions,” Solar Energy, vol. 159, pp. 1037–1046, Jan. 2018.
[31]
G. S. Krishna and T. Moger, “Improved Sudoku reconfiguration technique for total-cross-tied PV array to enhance maximum power under partial shading conditions,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 109, pp. 333–348, Jul. 2019.
[32]
I. Nasiruddina, S. Khatoon, M. F. Jalil, and R. C. Bansal, “Shade diffusion of partial shaded PV array by using odd-even structure,” Solar Energy, vol. 181, pp. 519–529, Mar. 2019.
[33]
S. S. Reddy and C. Yammani, “A novel magic-square puzzle based one-time PV reconfiguration technique to mitigate mismatch power loss under various partial shading conditions,” Optik, vol. 222, pp. 165289, Nov. 2020.
[34]
G. Sagar, D. Pathak, P. Gaur, and V. Jain, “A Su Do Ku puzzle based shade dispersion for maximum power enhancement of partially shaded hybrid bridge-link-total-cross-tied PV array,” Solar Energy, vol. 204, pp. 161–180, Jul. 2020.
[35]
S. Vijayalekshmy, G. R. Bindu, and S. R. Iyer, “A novel zig-zag scheme for power enhancement of partially shaded solar arrays,” Solar Energy, vol. 135, pp. 92–102, Oct. 2016.
[36]
K. Rajani and T. Ramesh, “Maximum power enhancement under partial shadings using a modified Sudoku reconfiguration,” CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems,vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 1187–1201, Jul. 2021.
[37]
Y. A. Mahmoud, W. D. Xiao, and H. H. Zeineldin, “A parameterization approach for enhancing PV model accuracy,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 60, no. 12, pp. 5708–5716, Dec. 2013.
[38]
M. G. Villalva, J. R. Gazoli, and E. R. Filho, “Comprehensive approach to modeling and simulation of photovoltaic arrays,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 1198–1208, May 2009.
[39]
D. Job and V. Paul, “Recursive backtracking for solving 9*9 sudoku puzzle,” Bonfring International Journal of Data Mining, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 7–9, Jan. 2016.
[40]
J. Wiles, “Photovoltaic power systems and the national electrical code: suggested practices,” US Department of Energy, Washington, SAND2001–0674, Mar. 2001.
[41]
CED Greentech. (2020). Determining Module Inter-Row Spacing. [Online]. http:cedgreentech.com/article/determining-module-inter-row-spacing.
[42]
R. B. Bollipo, S. Mikkili and P. K. Bonthagorla, “Hybrid, optimal, intelligent and classical PV MPPT techniques: A review,” CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 9–33, Jan. 2021.
[43]
S. Wang, “Current status of PV in China and its future forecast,” CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 72–82, Mar. 2020, .
Publication history
Copyright
Rights and permissions

Publication history

Received: 25 December 2020
Revised: 06 April 2021
Accepted: 26 July 2021
Published: 06 May 2022
Issue date: September 2022

Copyright

© 2020 CSEE

Rights and permissions

Return