Review of Hierarchical-Zonal Balancing Architectures in New Power Systems

In response to the challenges where large-scale renewable energy integration leads to intricate source-network-load-storage elements and surging complexity in new power systems, rendering traditional balancing architectures and hierarchical analysis methods inadequate, theoretical achievements and research technologies regarding hierarchical and partitioned balance architectures are comprehensively reviewed. The adaptability requirements of new power systems for such architectures are elucidated, followed by a summary and comparative analysis of existing hierarchical control and partitioning strategies. Furthermore, layer-zone fusion mechanisms are explored, and existing technical limitations are analyzed from data and modeling perspectives. The results indicate that while renewable energy control pressures can be alleviated by existing strategies, deficiencies remain in handling massive heterogeneous data fusion and precise modeling of complex systems; moreover, high dynamic balance demands are difficult to be met by current layer-zone coordination mechanisms. Future hierarchical and partitioned balance architectures are identified as a critical direction for supporting the operation of new power systems. Notably, a novel technical pathway for achieving safe and efficient operation under the “carbon neutralization and carbon peaking” goals is offered by the introduction of large models and artificial intelligence technologies.