The spatial differentiation and influencing factors of ecosystem cultural services in karst mountainous tourism destinations:Taking Wanfenglin scenic spot in Southwest Guizhou of China as an example

Karst mountainous tourism destinations are typically social-ecological systems with high ecosystem service values, but there is little research on the intangible benefits they provide to the public. This study takes the Wanfenglin scenic spot in Southwest Guizhou of China as a typical case, combined with social media photo content analysis, GIS spatial analysis, geographic detector to identify and analyze the spatial differentiation and influencing factors of CES in karst mountainous tourism destinations using Amazon Rekognition image recognition technology. The results have shown that: ① Karst mountainous tourism destinations have six types of CES: aesthetics, recreation, biodiversity, local identity, cultural diversity, and educational value. ② There is a significantly and spatially positive correlation in the CES of scenic spot. The hot spots of overall CES show a multi-core distribution, mainly concentrated in the northern, central, and southern parts of the scenic spot. The covered area gradually increases from north to south, forming a gathering area for the public to perceive the karst peak forest group and Buyi minority cultural scenery. However, the cold spots are slightly concentrated in the northeast and southeast areas of the central and southern parts of the scenic spot. ③ The factors such as distance from the river system, distance from the road, elevation, and NDVI are the dominant factors affecting the overall CES; the factors such as land use type, service facility density, and village density factors are secondary factors. The multi-factor interaction of overall CES exhibits a non-linear enhancement rather than a dual factor enhancement, and natural and social dimension of interaction factors enhance the explanatory power of the spatial differentiation of overall CES. This study provides the practical reference for clarifying and enhancing the public’s understanding of the intangible benefits and social-cultural well-being of the ecosystem for karst mountainous tourism destinations.