Research advances in electroacupuncture parameters for functional gastrointestinal disorders

Electroacupuncture (EA) shows marked clinical efficacy in the treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs); however, there is no consensus on optimal parameter selection. This review systematically summarizes recent evidence on six key EA parameters—acupoint selection, needling depth, stimulation frequency, current intensity, waveform, and stimulation duration/frequency—in the management of FGIDs. For gastric motility disorders, deep needling at Zhongwan (CV12), Zusanli (ST36), Neiguan (PC6), and Yintang (GV24⁺) are recommended. For intestinal dysmotility, deep needling at Tianshu (ST25), Quchi (LI11), Shangjuxu (ST37), and GV24⁺ are advised. Patients with functional dyspepsia or constipation may benefit from 2 Hz/100 Hz alternating frequency , intermittent waveform , and strong but tolerable current intensity with a needle retention of 20 min, once daily, 5 days per week for 4 consecutive weeks. By contrast, low-intensity stimulation is suggested for diarrhea-predominant FGIDs. Elucidating the optimal parameter combinations and their underlying mechanisms will facilitate dynamic optimization and precision-based recommendations for EA therapy, paving the way toward acupoint–technique synergy and ultimately enhancing the reliability and personalization of clinical outcomes.