Research Advances in the Application of Fibrinogen in Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, involving complex pathophysiological mechanisms such as coagulation dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and blood-brain barrier disruption. In recent years, fibrinogen (FIB), a core protein in the coagulation cascade, has attracted considerable attention for its role in TBI. In addition to participating in hemostasis and thrombosis, FIB can leak into the brain parenchyma, where it directly activates microglia and promotes pathological protein aggregation, thereby exacerbating neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative changes. Notably, FIB exhibits a dual role in TBI: on one hand, its excessive consumption can induce coagulation disorders and aggravate secondary brain injury; on the other hand, abnormal deposition of FIB in the brain parenchyma may enhance neurotoxicity through pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. Consequently, although fibrinogen supplementation may improve early coagulation parameters, its efficacy and safety remain controversial, with excessive administration potentially increasing the risk of thrombosis. This review summarizes the mechanisms ofaction of FIB in TBI and its clinical therapeutic implications, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing TBI treatment strategies.