Research progress on the potential mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis in promoting Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a common neurodegenerative disease, has been linked to periodontitis, especially Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.gingivalis) infection. This review summarizes the potential mechanisms and pathways through which P.gingivalis and its virulence factors are involved in AD pathogenesis, aiming to provide the scientific basis for the development of novel prevention and treatment strategies for AD. P.gingivalis can promote AD by exacerbating neuroinflammation, facilitating amyloid beta and Tau deposition, and disrupting the blood-brain barrier. Gingipains, secreted by P.gingivalis, serve as core effector molecules by increasing the blood-brain barrier permeability. The association between P.gingivalis and its effectors and AD pathology has been validated by metagenomic analysis and sample detection, indicating that P.gingivalis may be an environmental susceptibility factor or modifiable risk factor for AD. However, the precise mechanisms by which P.gingivalis influences AD, and its interactions with other potential AD-related factors, remain unclear. Moreover, further research needs to be conducted on the therapeutic potential of P.gingvalis intervention in improving AD.