Advances in finite element models of the human head for traumatic brain injury research

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the neurological disorder with the highest incidence and prevalence, and poses a huge public health burden for the whole society. An in-depth study of the biomechanics of TBI can help to improve the effectiveness of head protection, develop rapid assessment techniques and take timely interventions, thus reducing the risk of injury deterioration. As a numerical analysis tool, the finite element head model (FEHM) is able to simulate the dynamic response of the head during impact, including the spatial and temporal distribution of stress-strain in brain tissues, and the change of intracranial pressure, which provides an important basis for understanding the mechanical mechanism of TBI. This paper summarizes in detail the current status and development of mainstream finite element models of the human head at home and abroad, traces the development of the models, summarises the characteristics of the models and introduces the research progress of TBI mechanisms based on finite element models. The summary and sorting out of related research will be helpful for the development of new FEHMs and provide theoretical guidance and technical support for the risk assessment of traumatic brain injury and the design of protective equipment.