440
Views
8
Downloads
39
Crossref
N/A
WoS
45
Scopus
0
CSCD
Aboveground biomass (AGB) is a fundamental indicator of forest ecosystem productivity and health and hence plays an essential role in evaluating forest carbon reserves and supporting the development of targeted forest management plans.
Here, we proposed a random forest/co-kriging framework that integrates the strengths of machine learning and geostatistical approaches to improve the mapping accuracies of AGB in northern Guangdong Province of China. We used Landsat time-series observations, Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) data, and National Forest Inventory (NFI) plot measurements, to generate the forest AGB maps at three time points (1992, 2002 and 2010) showing the spatio-temporal dynamics of AGB in the subtropical forests in Guangdong, China.
The proposed model was capable of mapping forest AGB using spectral, textural, topographical variables and the radar backscatter coefficients in an effective and reliable manner. The root mean square error of the plot-level AGB validation was between 15.62 and 53.78 t∙ha-1, the mean absolute error ranged from 6.54 to 32.32 t∙ha-1, the bias ranged from − 2.14 to 1.07 t∙ha-1, and the relative improvement over the random forest algorithm was between 3.8% and 17.7%. The largest coefficient of determination (0.81) and the smallest mean absolute error (6.54 t∙ha-1) were observed in the 1992 AGB map. The spectral saturation effect was minimized by adding the PALSAR data to the modeling variable set in 2010. By adding elevation as a covariable, the co-kriging outperformed the ordinary kriging method for the prediction of the AGB residuals, because co-kriging resulted in better interpolation results in the valleys and plains of the study area.
Validation of the three AGB maps with an independent dataset indicated that the random forest/co-kriging performed best for AGB prediction, followed by random forest coupled with ordinary kriging (random forest/ordinary kriging), and the random forest model. The proposed random forest/co-kriging framework provides an accurate and reliable method for AGB mapping in subtropical forest regions with complex topography. The resulting AGB maps are suitable for the targeted development of forest management actions to promote carbon sequestration and sustainable forest management in the context of climate change.
Aboveground biomass (AGB) is a fundamental indicator of forest ecosystem productivity and health and hence plays an essential role in evaluating forest carbon reserves and supporting the development of targeted forest management plans.
Here, we proposed a random forest/co-kriging framework that integrates the strengths of machine learning and geostatistical approaches to improve the mapping accuracies of AGB in northern Guangdong Province of China. We used Landsat time-series observations, Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) data, and National Forest Inventory (NFI) plot measurements, to generate the forest AGB maps at three time points (1992, 2002 and 2010) showing the spatio-temporal dynamics of AGB in the subtropical forests in Guangdong, China.
The proposed model was capable of mapping forest AGB using spectral, textural, topographical variables and the radar backscatter coefficients in an effective and reliable manner. The root mean square error of the plot-level AGB validation was between 15.62 and 53.78 t∙ha-1, the mean absolute error ranged from 6.54 to 32.32 t∙ha-1, the bias ranged from − 2.14 to 1.07 t∙ha-1, and the relative improvement over the random forest algorithm was between 3.8% and 17.7%. The largest coefficient of determination (0.81) and the smallest mean absolute error (6.54 t∙ha-1) were observed in the 1992 AGB map. The spectral saturation effect was minimized by adding the PALSAR data to the modeling variable set in 2010. By adding elevation as a covariable, the co-kriging outperformed the ordinary kriging method for the prediction of the AGB residuals, because co-kriging resulted in better interpolation results in the valleys and plains of the study area.
Validation of the three AGB maps with an independent dataset indicated that the random forest/co-kriging performed best for AGB prediction, followed by random forest coupled with ordinary kriging (random forest/ordinary kriging), and the random forest model. The proposed random forest/co-kriging framework provides an accurate and reliable method for AGB mapping in subtropical forest regions with complex topography. The resulting AGB maps are suitable for the targeted development of forest management actions to promote carbon sequestration and sustainable forest management in the context of climate change.
Ali A, Xu MS, Zhao YT, Zhang QQ, Zhou LL, Yang XD, Yan ER (2015) Allometric biomass equations for shrub and small tree species in subtropical China. Silva Fenn 49: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1275
Amit Y, Geman D (1997) Shape quantization and recognition with randomized trees. Neural Comput 9: 1545-1588. https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.1997.9.7.1545
Arroyo LA, Johansen K, Armston J, Phinn S (2010) Integration of LiDAR and QuickBird imagery for mapping riparian biophysical parameters and land cover types in Australian tropical savannas. For Ecol Manag 259: 598-606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.11.018
Aslan A, Rahman AF, Warren MW, Robeson SM (2016) Mapping spatial distribution and biomass of coastal wetland vegetation in Indonesian Papua by combining active and passive remotely sensed data. Remote Sens Environ 183: 65-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.04.026
Avtar R, Sawada H, Takeuchi W, Singh G (2012) Characterization of forests and deforestation in Cambodia using ALOS/PALSAR observation. Geocarto Int 27: 119-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2011.626081
Avtar R, Suzuki R, Takeuchi W, Sawada H (2013) PALSAR 50 m mosaic data based national level biomass estimation in Cambodia for implementation of REDD+ mechanism. PLoS One 8: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074807
Baccini A, Goetz SJ, Walker WS, Laporte NT, Sun M, Sulla-Menashe D, Hackler J, Beck PSA, Dubayah R, Friedl MA, Samanta S, Houghton RA (2012) Estimated carbon dioxide emissions from tropical deforestation improved by carbon-density maps. Nat Clim Chang 2: 182-185. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1354
Baccini A, Walker W, Carvalho L, Farina M, Sulla-Menashe D, Houghton RA (2017) Tropical forests are a net carbon source based on aboveground measurements of gain and loss. Science 358: 230-234. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam5962
Barni PE, Manzi AO, Conde TM, Barbosa RI, Fearnside PM (2016) Spatial distribution of forest biomass in Brazil's state of Roraima, northern Amazonia. For Ecol Manag 377: 170-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.07.010
Breiman L (2001) Random forests. Random For 45: 5-32. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780367816377-11
Cao L, Coops NC, Innes JL, Sheppard SRJ, Fu LY, Ruan HH, She GH (2016) Estimation of forest biomass dynamics in subtropical forests using multi-temporal airborne LiDAR data. Remote Sens Environ 178: 158-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.03.012
Chatterjee S, Santra P, Majumdar K, Ghosh D, Das I, Sanyal SK (2015) Geostatistical approach for management of soil nutrients with special emphasis on different forms of potassium considering their spatial variation in intensive cropping system of West Bengal, India. Environ Monit Assess 187: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4414-9
Chave J, Réjou-Méchain M, Búrquez A, Chidumayo E, Colgan MS, Delitti WB, Duque A, Eid T, Fearnside PM, Goodman RC, Henry M, Martinez-Yrizar A, Mugasha WA, Muller-Landau HC, Mencuccini M, Nelson BW, Ngomanda A, Nogueira EM, Ortiz-Malavassi E, Pelissier R, Ploton P, Ryan CM, Saldarriaga JG, Vieilledent G (2014) Improved allometric models to estimate the aboveground biomass of tropical trees. Glob Chang Biol 20: 3177-3190. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12629
Chen L, Wang Y, Ren C, Zhang B, Wang ZM (2019a) Assessment of multi-wavelength SAR and multispectral instrument data for forest aboveground biomass mapping using random forest kriging. For Ecol Manag 447: 12-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.05.057
Chen X, Chen HYH, Chen C, Peng S (2019b) Water availability regulates negative effects of species mixture on soil microbial biomass in boreal forests. Soil Biol Biochem 139: 107634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.107634
Chirici G, Barbati A, Corona P, Marchetti M, Travaglini D, Maselli F, Bertini R (2008) Non-parametric and parametric methods using satellite images for estimating growing stock volume in alpine and Mediterranean forest ecosystems. Remote Sens Environ 112: 2686-2700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.01.002
Chopping M, Schaaf CB, Zhao F, Wang ZS, Nolin AW, Moisen GG, Martonchik JV, Bull M (2011) Forest structure and aboveground biomass in the southwestern United States from MODIS and MISR. Remote Sens Environ 115: 2943-2953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.08.031
Cressie N, Gotway CA, Grondona MO (1990) Spatial prediction from networks. Chemom Intell Lab Syst 7: 251-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-7439(90)80115-M
Martins F d SRV, dos Santos JR, Galvão LS, HAM X (2016) Sensitivity of ALOS/PALSAR imagery to forest degradation by fire in northern Amazon. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf 49: 163-174
Dassot M, Colin A, Santenoise P, Fournier M, Constant T (2012) Terrestrial laser scanning for measuring the solid wood volume, including branches, of adult standing trees in the forest environment. Comput Electron Agric 89: 86-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2012.08.005
Deo R, Russell M, Domke G, Andersen HE, Cohen EB, Woodall CW (2017) Evaluating site-specific and generic spatial models of aboveground forest biomass based on Landsat time-series and LiDAR strip samples in the eastern USA. Remote Sens 9: 598. DOI: 10.3390/rs9060598
Eckert S, Ratsimba HR, Rakotondrasoa LO, Rajoelison LG, Ehrensperger A (2011) Deforestation and forest degradation monitoring and assessment of biomass and carbon stock of lowland rainforest in the Analanjirofo region, Madagascar. For Ecol Manag 262: 1996-2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.08.041
Fan Y, Koukal T, Weisberg PJ (2014) A sun-crown-sensor model and adapted C-correction logic for topographic correction of high resolution forest imagery. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 96: 94-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.07.005
Foody GM, Boyd DS, Cutler MEJ (2003) Predictive relations of tropical forest biomass from Landsat TM data and their transferability between regions. Remote Sens Environ 85: 463-474. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00039-7
Foody GM, Cutler ME, McMorrow J, Pelz D, Tangki H, Boyd DS, Douglas I (2001) Mapping the biomass of Bornean tropical rain forest from remotely sensed data. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 10: 379-387. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822X.2001.00248.x
Fox EW, Hoef JMV, Olsen AR (2020) Comparing spatial regression to random forests for large environmental data sets. PLoS One 15: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229509
Gasparri NI, Parmuchi MG, Bono J, Karszenbaum H, Montenegro CL (2010) Assessing multi-temporal Landsat 7 ETM+ images for estimating above-ground biomass in subtropical dry forests of Argentina. J Arid Environ 74: 1262-1270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2010.04.007
Giannico V, Lafortezza R, John R, Sanesi G, Pesola L, Chen JQ (2016) Estimating stand volume and above-ground biomass of urban forests using LiDAR. Remote Sens 8: 339
Gonzalez P, Asner GP, Battles JJ, Lefsky MA, Waring KM, Palace M (2010) Forest carbon densities and uncertainties from Lidar, QuickBird, and field measurements in California. Remote Sens Environ 114: 1561-1575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.02.011
Guo P-T, Li M-F, Luo W, Tang QF, Liu ZW, Lin ZM (2015) Digital mapping of soil organic matter for rubber plantation at regional scale: an application of random forest plus residuals kriging approach. Geoderma 237-238: 49-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.08.009
Hall RJ, Skakun RS, Arsenault EJ, Case BS (2006) Modeling forest stand structure attributes using Landsat ETM+ data: application to mapping of aboveground biomass and stand volume. For Ecol Manag 225: 378-390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.01.014
Hansen MC, Potapov PV, Goetz SJ, Turubanova S, Tyukavina A, Krylov A, Kommareddy A, Egorov A (2016) Mapping tree height distributions in sub-Saharan Africa using Landsat 7 and 8 data. Remote Sens Environ 185: 221-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.02.023
Hastie T, Tibshirani R, Friedman J (2008) The elements of statistical learning, 2nd edn. Springer, New York
Hess LL, Melack JM, Filoso S, Wang Y (1995) Delineation of inundated area and vegetation along the Amazon floodplain with the SIR-C synthetic aperture radar. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 33: 896-904. https://doi.org/10.1109/36.406675
Ho Tong Minh D, Le Toan T, Rocca F, Tebaldini S, d'Alessandro MM, Villard L (2014) Relating P-band synthetic aperture radar tomography to tropical forest biomass. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 52: 967-979. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2013.2246170
Ho Tong Minh D, Ndikumana E, Vieilledent G, McKey D, Baghdadi N (2018) Remote sensing of environment potential value of combining ALOS PALSAR and Landsat-derived tree cover data for forest biomass retrieval in Madagascar. Remote Sens Environ 213: 206-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.04.056
Hoover CM, Ducey MJ, Colter RA, Yamasaki M (2018) Evaluation of alternative approaches for landscape-scale biomass estimation in a mixed-species northern forest. For Ecol Manag 409: 552-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.11.040
Imhoff ML (1995) Radar backscatter and biomass saturation: ramifications for global biomass inventory. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 33: 511-518. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.1995.8746034
Isaaks EH, Mohan SR (1989) An introduction to applied geostatistics. Oxford University Press, Oxford
John R, Chen J, Giannico V, Park H, Xiao JF, Shirkey G, Ouyang ZT, Shao CL, Lafortezza R, Qi JG (2018) Grassland canopy cover and aboveground biomass in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia: spatiotemporal estimates and controlling factors. Remote Sens Environ 213: 34-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.05.002
Karlson M, Ostwald M, Reese H, Sanou J, Tankoano B, Mattsson E (2015) Mapping tree canopy cover and aboveground biomass in Sudano-Sahelian woodlands using Landsat 8 and random forest. Remote Sens 7: 10017-10041
Kumar L, Sinha P, Taylor S, Alqurashi AF (2015) Review of the use of remote sensing for biomass estimation to support renewable energy generation. J Appl Remote Sens 9: 97696
Le ND, Zidek JV (2006) Statistical analysis of environmental space-time processes. Springer, New York
Lee J-S (1980) Digital image enhancement and noise filtering by use of local statistics. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell: 165-168
Lefsky MA, Cohen WB, Harding DJ, Parker GG, Acker SA, Gower ST (2002a) Lidar remote sensing of above-ground biomass in three biomes. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 11: 393-399
Lefsky MA, Cohen WB, Parker GG, Harding DJ (2002b) Lidar remote sensing for ecosystem studies: Lidar, an emerging remote sensing technology that directly measures the three-dimensional distribution of plant canopies, can accurately estimate vegetation structural attributes and should be of particular inte. Bioscience 52: 19-30
Leys C, Ley C, Klein O, Bernard P, Licata L (2013) Detecting outliers: do not use standard deviation around the mean, use absolute deviation around the median. J Exp Soc Psychol 49: 764-766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.03.013
Li X, Du H, Mao F, Zhou GM, Chen L, Xing LQ, Fan WL, Xu XJ, Liu YL, Cui L, Li YG, Zhu DE, Liu TY (2018) Estimating bamboo forest aboveground biomass using EnKF-assimilated MODIS LAI spatiotemporal data and machine learning algorithms. Agric For Meteorol 256-257: 445-457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.04.002
Liaw A, Wiener M (2002) Classification and regression by randomForest. R News 2: 18-22
Lu D (2005) Aboveground biomass estimation using Landsat TM data in the Brazilian Amazon. Int J Remote Sens 26: 2509-2525. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160500142145
Lu D (2006) The potential and challenge of remote sensing-based biomass estimation. Int J Remote Sens 27: 1297-1328. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160500486732
Lu D, Chen Q, Wang G, Liu LJ, Li GY, Moran E (2016) A survey of remote sensing-based aboveground biomass estimation methods in forest ecosystems. Int J Digit Earth 9: 63-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2014.990526
Lu D, Chen Q, Wang G, Moran E, Batistella M, Zhang M, Laurin GV, Saah D (2012) Aboveground forest biomass estimation with Landsat and LiDAR data and uncertainty analysis of the estimates. Int J For Res. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/436537
Manuri S, Andersen H-E, McGaughey RJ, Brack C (2017) Assessing the influence of return density on estimation of lidar-based aboveground biomass in tropical peat swamp forests of Kalimantan, Indonesia. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf 56: 24-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2016.11.002
Mermoz S, Le Toan T (2016) Forest disturbances and regrowth assessment using ALOS PALSAR data from 2007 to 2010 in Vietnam, Cambodia and Lao PDR. Remote Sens 8: 217
Mermoz S, Réjou-Méchain M, Villard L, Le Loan T, Rossi V, Gourlet-Fleury S (2015) Decrease of L-band SAR backscatter with biomass of dense forests. Remote Sens Environ 159: 307-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.12.019
Mitchard ETA, Saatchi SS, White L, Abernethy KA, Jeffery KJ, Lewis SL, Collins M, Lefsky MA, Leal ME, Woodhouse IH (2012) Mapping tropical forest biomass with radar and spaceborne LiDAR in Lopé National Park, Gabon: overcoming problems of high biomass and persistent cloud. Biogeosciences 9: 179-191
Muttaqin MZ, Alviya I, Lugina M, Hamdani FAU, Indartik (2019) Developing community-based forest ecosystem service management to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. For Policy Econ 108: 101938. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.05.024
Muukkonen P, Heiskanen J (2007) Biomass estimation over a large area based on standwise forest inventory data and ASTER and MODIS satellite data: a possibility to verify carbon inventories. Remote Sens Environ 107: 617-624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2006.10.011
Myneni RB, Dong J, Tucker CJ, Kaufmann RK, Kauppi PE, Liski J, Zhou L, Alexeyev V, Hughes MK (2001) A large carbon sink in the woody biomass of northern forests. Proc Natl Acad Sci 98: 14784-14789. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.261555198
Nothdurft A, Saborowski J, Breidenbach J (2009) Spatial prediction of forest stand variables. Eur J For Res 128: 241-251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-009-0260-z
Ou Y, Rousseau AN, Wang L, Yan B (2017) Spatio-temporal patterns of soil organic carbon and pH in relation to environmental factors-a case study of the black soil region of northeastern China. Agric Ecosyst Environ 245: 22-31
Pan Y, Birdsey RA, Fang J, Houghton R, Kauppi PE, Kurz WA, Phillips OL, Shvidenko A, Lewis SL, Canadell JG, Ciais P, Jackson RB, Pacala SW, McGuire AD, Piao SL, Rautiainen A, Sitch S, Hayes D (2011) A large and persistent carbon sink in the world's forests. Science (80-) 333: 988-993. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1201609
Paul KI, Roxburgh SH, Chave J, England JR, Zerihun A, Specht A, Lewis T, Bennett LT, Baker TG, Adams MA, Huxtable D, Montagu KD, Falster DS, Feller M, Sochacki S, Ritson P, Bastin G, Bartle J, Inildy D, Hobbs T, Armour JL, Waterworth R, Stewart HTL, Jonsonf J, Forrester DI, Applegate G, Mendhan D, Bradford M, O'Grady A, Green D, Sudmeyer R, Rance SJ, Turner J, Barton C, Wenk EH, Grove T, Attiwill PM, Pinkard E, Butler D, Brooksbank K, Spencer B, Snowdon P, O'Brien N, Battaglia M, Cameron DM, Hamilton S, Mcauthur G, Sinclair A (2015) Testing the generality of above-ground biomass allometry across plant functional types at the continent scale. Glob Chang Biol 22: 2106-2124
Powell SL, Cohen WB, Healey SP, Kennedy RE, Moisen GG, Pierce KB, Ohmann JL (2010) Quantification of live aboveground forest biomass dynamics with Landsat time-series and field inventory data: a comparison of empirical modeling approaches. Remote Sens Environ 114: 1053-1068
Proisy C, Couteron P, Fromard F (2007) Predicting and mapping mangrove biomass from canopy grain analysis using Fourier-based textural ordination of IKONOS images. Remote Sens Environ 109: 379-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2007.01.009
Rodríguez-Soalleiro R, Eimil-Fraga C, Gómez-García E, García-Villabrille JD, Rojo-Alboreca A, Muñoz F, Oliveira N, Sixto H, Pérez-Cruzado C (2018) Exploring the factors affecting carbon and nutrient concentrations in tree biomass components in natural forests, forest plantations and short rotation forestry. Forest Ecosyst 5: 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-018-0154-y
Sandberg G, Ulander LMH, Fransson JES, Holmgren J, Le Toan T (2011) L-and P-band backscatter intensity for biomass retrieval in hemiboreal forest. Remote Sens Environ 115: 2874-2886
Santoro M, Beaudoin A, Beer C, Cartus O, Fransson JBS, Hall RJ, Pathe C, Schmullius C, Schepaschenko D, Shvidenko A, Thurner M, Wegmuller U (2015) Forest growing stock volume of the northern hemisphere: spatially explicit estimates for 2010 derived from Envisat ASAR. Remote Sens Environ 168: 316-334
Saraf AK, Das JD, Agarwal B, Sundaram RM (1996) False topography perception phenomena and its correction. Int J Remote Sens 17: 3725-3733
Schulze E (2006) Biological control of the terrestrial carbon sink. Biogeosciences 3: 147-166. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-147-2006
Shen W, Li M, Huang C, Tao X, Li S, Wei AS (2019) Mapping annual forest change due to afforestation in Guangdong Province of China using active and passive remote sensing data. Remote Sens 11: 490. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11050490
Shen W, Li M, Huang C, Tao X, Wei AS (2018) Annual forest aboveground biomass changes mapped using ICESat/GLAS measurements, historical inventory data, and time-series optical and radar imagery for Guangdong province, China. Agric For Meteorol 259: 23-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.04.005
Shen W, Li M, Huang C, Wei A (2016) Quantifying live aboveground biomass and forest disturbance of mountainous natural and plantation forests in northern Guangdong, China. Based on multi-temporal Landsat, PALSAR and field plot data. Remote Sens 8: 595. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8070595
Shen W, Li M, Wei A (2017) Spatio-temporal variations in plantation forests disturbance and recovery of northern Guangdong Province using yearly landsat time series observations (1986-2015). Chin Geogr Sci 27: 600-613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-017-0880-z
Silveira EMO, Espírito Santo FD, Wulder MA, Acerbi FW, Carvalho MC, Mello CR, Mello JM, Shimabukuro YE, Terra MCNS, Carvalho LMT, Scolforo JRS (2019a) Pre-stratified modelling plus residuals kriging reduces the uncertainty of aboveground biomass estimation and spatial distribution in heterogeneous savannas and forest environments. For Ecol Manag 445: 96-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.05.016
Silveira EMO, Silva SHG, Acerbi FW, Carvalho MC, Carvalho LMT, Scolforo JRS, Wulder MA (2019b) Object-based random forest modelling of aboveground forest biomass outperforms a pixel-based approach in a heterogeneous and mountain tropical environment. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf 78: 175-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2019.02.004
Su Y, Guo Q, Xue B, Hu TY, Alvarez O, Tao SL, Fang JY (2016) Spatial distribution of forest aboveground biomass in China: estimation through combination of spaceborne lidar, optical imagery, and forest inventory data. Remote Sens Environ 173: 187-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.12.002
Thenkabail PS, Stucky N, Griscom BW, Ashton MS, Diels J, Van der Meer B, Enclona E (2004) Biomass estimations and carbon stock calculations in the oil palm plantations of African derived savannas using IKONOS data. Int J Remote Sens 25: 5447-5472. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160412331291279
Tuominen S, Pekkarinen A (2005) Performance of different spectral and textural aerial photograph features in multi-source forest inventory. Remote Sens Environ 94: 256-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.10.001
Tziachris P, Aschonitis V, Chatzistathis T, Papadopoulou M (2019) Assessment of spatial hybrid methods for predicting soil organic matter using DEM derivatives and soil parameters. Catena 174: 206-216
Vaglio Laurin G, Ding J, Disney M, Bartholomeus H, Herold M, Papale D, Valentini R (2019) Tree height in tropical forest as measured by different ground, proximal, and remote sensing instruments, and impacts on above ground biomass estimates. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf 82: 101899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2019.101899
Valbuena R, Maltamo M, Mehtätalo L, Packalen P (2017) Key structural features of boreal forests may be detected directly using L-moments from airborne lidar data. Remote Sens Environ 194: 437-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.10.024
Wang J, Wu H, Sun X, Li MS, Wei A (2016) Forest carbon storage and dynamic change in Guangdong Province. J Northeast For Univ 36: 18-22
Wicaksono P (2017) Mangrove above-ground carbon stock mapping of multi-resolution passive remote-sensing systems. Int J Remote Sens 38: 1551-1578. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2017.1283072
Xie X, Wang Q, Dai L, Su D, Wang X, Qi G, Ye Y (2011) Application of China's national forest continuous inventory database. Environ Manag 48: 1095-1106
Yadav RP, Gupta B, Bhutia PL, Bisht JK, Pattanayak A (2019) Biomass and carbon budgeting of land use types along elevation gradient in Central Himalayas. J Clean Prod 211: 1284-1298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.278
Yu G, Chen Z, Piao S, Peng C, Ciais P, Wang Q, Li X, Zhu X (2014) High carbon dioxide uptake by subtropical forest ecosystems in the east Asian monsoon region. Proc Natl Acad Sci 111: 4910-4915
Zhang R, Zhou X, Ouyang Z, Avitabile V, Qi J, Chen J, Giannico V (2019) Estimating aboveground biomass in subtropical forests of China by integrating multisource remote sensing and ground data. Remote Sens Environ 232: 111341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111341
Zhao P, Lu D, Wang G, Liu L, Li D, Zhu J, Yu S (2016) Forest aboveground biomass estimation in Zhejiang Province using the integration of Landsat TM and ALOS PALSAR data. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf 53: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2016.08.007
Zhao Q, Yu S, Zhao F, Tian LH, Zhao Z (2019) Comparison of machine learning algorithms for forest parameter estimations and application for forest quality assessments. For Ecol Manag 434: 224-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.12.019
Zhu X, Liu D (2015) Improving forest aboveground biomass estimation using seasonal Landsat NDVI time-series. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 102: 222-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.08.014
Zimmerman DL, Zimmerman MB (1991) A comparison of spatial semivariogram estimators and corresponding ordinary kriging predictors. Technometrics 33: 77-91
The authors would like to acknowledge the United States Geological Survey (USGS), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) for providing the image data. Special thanks go to the Guangdong Provincial Center for Forest Resources Monitoring for sharing their forest inventory data.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.