389
Views
3
Downloads
20
Crossref
N/A
WoS
21
Scopus
0
CSCD
Much land is subject to damage by construction, development and exploitation with consequent loss of environmental function and services. How might the loss be recovered?
This article develops principles of environmental rehabilitation. Key issues include the following. Rehabilitation means restoring the previous condition. Whether or not to restore is not a technical but a value judgement. It is subject to adopting the sustainability ethic. If the ethic is followed under rule of law then rehabilitation must be done always to 'the high standard' which means handing down unimpaired environmental function and no extra land management. The elements of the former condition that it is intended to restore must be specified. Restoring these in any given case is the purpose of that rehabilitation project. The specified restoration elements must be easily measurable with a few simple powerful metrics. Some land damage is not fixable so restraint must be exercised in what construction, development and exploitation are permitted. If sustainability is adopted then cost benefit analysis is not a valid form of project appraisal because trading off present benefits against future losses relies on subjectively decided discount rates, and because natural capital is hard to price, indispensable, irreplaceable and non-substitutable. Elements often to be restored include agricultural land capability, landscape form and environmental function. Land capability is a widely used convention and, with landscape form, encapsulate many key land factors, and are easily measurable. Restoring soil and thereby environmental function provides the necessary base for an ecological pyramid.
The need for rehabilitation is not to be justified by cost-benefit or scientific and technological proof, but rests on a value judgement to sustain natural capital for present and future generations. Decision on what activities and projects to permit should be based on what is physically and financially fixable on current knowledge. Business and government must be proactive, develop rehabilitation standards, work out how to meet the standards, design simple powerful metrics to measure performance against the standards, embark on continuous improvement, and report.
Much land is subject to damage by construction, development and exploitation with consequent loss of environmental function and services. How might the loss be recovered?
This article develops principles of environmental rehabilitation. Key issues include the following. Rehabilitation means restoring the previous condition. Whether or not to restore is not a technical but a value judgement. It is subject to adopting the sustainability ethic. If the ethic is followed under rule of law then rehabilitation must be done always to 'the high standard' which means handing down unimpaired environmental function and no extra land management. The elements of the former condition that it is intended to restore must be specified. Restoring these in any given case is the purpose of that rehabilitation project. The specified restoration elements must be easily measurable with a few simple powerful metrics. Some land damage is not fixable so restraint must be exercised in what construction, development and exploitation are permitted. If sustainability is adopted then cost benefit analysis is not a valid form of project appraisal because trading off present benefits against future losses relies on subjectively decided discount rates, and because natural capital is hard to price, indispensable, irreplaceable and non-substitutable. Elements often to be restored include agricultural land capability, landscape form and environmental function. Land capability is a widely used convention and, with landscape form, encapsulate many key land factors, and are easily measurable. Restoring soil and thereby environmental function provides the necessary base for an ecological pyramid.
The need for rehabilitation is not to be justified by cost-benefit or scientific and technological proof, but rests on a value judgement to sustain natural capital for present and future generations. Decision on what activities and projects to permit should be based on what is physically and financially fixable on current knowledge. Business and government must be proactive, develop rehabilitation standards, work out how to meet the standards, design simple powerful metrics to measure performance against the standards, embark on continuous improvement, and report.
Bell RW (2002) Restoration of degraded landscapes: principles and lessons from case studies with salt-affected land and mine revegetation. CMU J 1(1):1-21
Farber DA, Hemmersbaugh PA (1993) The shadow of the future: discount rates, later generations and the environment. Vanderbilt Law Rev 46:267-304
Kahneman D, Rosenfield AM, Gandhi L, Blaser T (2016) Noise. Harvard Bus Rev, October 2016:38-46
Macdonald SE, Landhäuser SM, Skousen J, Franklin J, Frouz J, Hall S, Jacobs DF, Quideau S (2015) Forest restoration following surface mining disturbance: challenges and solutions. New For 46:706-732. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-015-9506-4
Martinez-Paz J, Amansa C, Casanovas V, Colin J (2016) Pooling expert opinion on environmental discounting: an international Delphi survey. Conserv Soc 14:243-253
Mentis M (2015) Managing project risks and uncertainties. Forest Ecosyst 2:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-014-0026-z
Mentis MT (1999) Diagnosis of the rehabilitation of opencast coal mines on the Highveld of South Africa. South Afr J Sci 95:210-215
Mentis MT (2006) Restoring native grassland on land disturbed by coal mining on the eastern Highveld of South Africa. South Afr J Sci 102:193-197
Mentis MT, Ellery WN (1998) Environmental effects of mining coastal dunes: conjectures and refutations. South Afr J Sci 94:215-222
Parotta JA, Knowles OH (1999) Restoration of tropical moist forests on bauxite-mined land in the Brazilian Amazon. Restor Ecol 7(2):103-116
Snyman HA, Ingram LJ, Kirkman KP (2013) Themeda triandra: a keystone grass species. Afr J Range For Sci 30:99-125
Thanks to Adriaan Oosthuizen for drawing attention to geomorphic landscape design.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.