Open Access
Issue
Published:
30 November 2019
Review on carbon storage estimation of forest ecosystem and applications in China
(
)
Download citation
770
Views
39
Downloads
77
Crossref
N/A
WoS
85
Scopus
0
CSCD
The accuracy in estimating forest ecosystem carbon storage has drawn extensive attention of researchers in the field of global climate change. However, incomparable data sources and various estimation methods have led to significant differences in the estimation of forest carbon storage at large scales.
In this study, we reviewed fundamental types of forest carbon storage estimation methods and their applications in China.
Results showed that the major forest carbon storage estimation methods were classified into 3 major categories and 15 subcategories focusing on vegetation carbon storage estimation, soil carbon storage estimation, and litter carbon storage estimation, respectively. The application in China showed that there have been 3 development stages of research in China since the 1990s. Studies of forest carbon storage estimation in province scales were conducted more frequently in the northeastern, eastern and southwestern provinces such as Zhejiang, Heilongjiang and Sichuan with high forest coverage or large forest area. Inventory-based methods, soil type method, and biomass model were the main forest estimation methods used in China, focusing on vegetation, soil and litter carbon storage estimation respectively. Total forest carbon storage of China was approximate 28.90 Pg C, and the average vegetation carbon density (42.04 ± 5.39 Mg·ha- 1) was much lower than that of the whole world (71.60 Mg·ha- 1). Vegetation carbon density from average biomass method was the highest (57.07 Mg·ha- 1) through comparing nine types of vegetation carbon storage estimation methods applied during 1989 to 1993.
Many studies on forest carbon storages have been carried out in China at patch scales or regional scales. These efforts enabled the research of forest carbon storage to reach a relatively advanced stage. Meanwhile, the accumulation of massive research data provides the basis for subsequent research work. Some challenges are also existing. This review could provide a reference for more accurate estimation of forest carbon storage in the future.
menu
Review on carbon storage estimation of forest ecosystem and applications in China
(
)
Abstract
The accuracy in estimating forest ecosystem carbon storage has drawn extensive attention of researchers in the field of global climate change. However, incomparable data sources and various estimation methods have led to significant differences in the estimation of forest carbon storage at large scales.
In this study, we reviewed fundamental types of forest carbon storage estimation methods and their applications in China.
Results showed that the major forest carbon storage estimation methods were classified into 3 major categories and 15 subcategories focusing on vegetation carbon storage estimation, soil carbon storage estimation, and litter carbon storage estimation, respectively. The application in China showed that there have been 3 development stages of research in China since the 1990s. Studies of forest carbon storage estimation in province scales were conducted more frequently in the northeastern, eastern and southwestern provinces such as Zhejiang, Heilongjiang and Sichuan with high forest coverage or large forest area. Inventory-based methods, soil type method, and biomass model were the main forest estimation methods used in China, focusing on vegetation, soil and litter carbon storage estimation respectively. Total forest carbon storage of China was approximate 28.90 Pg C, and the average vegetation carbon density (42.04 ± 5.39 Mg·ha- 1) was much lower than that of the whole world (71.60 Mg·ha- 1). Vegetation carbon density from average biomass method was the highest (57.07 Mg·ha- 1) through comparing nine types of vegetation carbon storage estimation methods applied during 1989 to 1993.
Many studies on forest carbon storages have been carried out in China at patch scales or regional scales. These efforts enabled the research of forest carbon storage to reach a relatively advanced stage. Meanwhile, the accumulation of massive research data provides the basis for subsequent research work. Some challenges are also existing. This review could provide a reference for more accurate estimation of forest carbon storage in the future.
References(126)
Asner GP, Flint Hughes R, Varga TA, Knapp DE, Kennedy-Bowdoin T (2009) Environmental and biotic controls over aboveground biomass throughout a tropical rain forest. Ecosystems 12:261–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-008-9221-5
Baccini A, Goetz SJ, Walker WS, Laporte NT, Sun M, Sulla-Menashe D, Hackler J, Beck PSA, Dubayah R, Friedl MA, Samanta S, Houghton RA (2012) Estimated carbon dioxide emissions from tropical deforestation improved by carbon-density maps. Nat Clim Chang 2:182–185. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1354
Barbosa JM, Broadbent EN, Bitencourt MD (2014) Remote sensing of aboveground biomass in tropical secondary forests: a review. Int J Forestry Res 2014:715796. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/715796
Batjes NH (1996) Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world. Eur J Soil Sci 47:151–163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01386.x
Bhatti J, Apps M, Jiang H (2002) Influence of nutrients, disturbances and site conditions on carbon stocks along a boreal forest transect in central Canada. Plant Soil 242:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019670619316
Bohn HL (1982) Estimate of organic carbon in world soils: Ⅱ. Soil Sci Soc Am J 46:1118–1119. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1982.03615995004600050050x
Bortolot ZJ, Wynne RH (2005) Estimating forest biomass using small footprint LiDAR data: an individual tree-based approach that incorporates training data. ISPRS J Photogramm 59:342–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2005.07.001
Bugmann HKM, Solomon AM (1995) The use of a European forest model in North America: a study of ecosystem response to climate gradients. J Biogeogr 1:477–484. https://doi.org/10.2307/2845944
Chen BQ (2004) Earth system carbon cycle. Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese)
Chen Y, Cao J, Zhou L, Li F, Fu S (2019) Effects of prescribed burning on carbon accumulation in two paired vegetation sites in subtropical China. For Ecosyst 6:26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-019-0185-z
Cutler MEJ, Boyd DS, Foody GM, Vetrivel A (2012) Estimating tropical forest biomass with a combination of SAR image texture and landsat TM data: an assessment of predictions between regions. ISPRS J Photogramm 70:66–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2012.03.011
Davidson EA, Janssens IA (2006) Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change. Nature 440:165–173. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04514
Deng S, Katoh M, Guan Q, Yin N, Li M (2014) Estimating forest aboveground biomass by combining ALOS PALSAR and WorldView-2 Data: a case study at Purple Mountain National Park, Nanjing, China. Remote Sens 6(9):7878–7910. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6097878
Destan S, Yilmaz O, Sahin A (2013) Making objective forest stand maps of mixed managed forest with spatial interpolation and multi-criteria decision analysis. iForest 6:268–277. https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor0099-006
Dixon RK, Brown S, Houghton RA, Solomon AM, Trexler MC, Wisniewski J (1994) Carbon pool and flux of global forest ecosystems. Science 263:185–190. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.263.5144.185
Domke GM, Perry CH, Walters BF, Nave LE, Woodall CW, Swanston CW (2017) Toward inventory-based estimates of soil organic carbon in forests of the United States. Ecol Appl 27:1223–1235. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1516
Domke GM, Perry CH, Walters BF, Woodall CW, Russell MB, Smith JE (2016) Estimating litter carbon stocks on forest land in the United States. Sci Total Environ 557–558:469–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.090
Eswaran H, Berg EVD, Reich P (1993) Organic carbon in soils of the world. Soil Sci Soc Am J 57:192–194. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1993.03615995005700010034x
Fang JY, Chen AP (2001) Dynamic forest biomass carbon pools in China and their significance. Acta Bot Sin 43:967–973 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Fang JY, Chen AP, Peng C, Zhao S, Ci L (2001b) Changes in forest biomass carbon storage in China between 1949 and 1998. Science 292:2320–2323. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1058629
Fang JY, Chen AP, Peng CH, Zhao SQ, Ci LJ (2001a) Changes in forest biomass carbon storage in China between 1949 and 1998. Science 292:2320–2322. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:101072860
Fang JY, Guo ZD, Hu HF, Kato T, Muraoka H, Son Y (2014) Forest biomass carbon sinks in east Asia, with special reference to the relative contributions of forest expansion and forest growth. Glob Chang Biol 20(6):2019–2030. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12512
Fang JY, Guo ZD, Piao SL, Chen AP (2007) Estimation of carbon sequestration of terrestrial vegetation in China from 1981 to 2000. Chin Sci S D: Earth Sci 37:804–812
Fang JY, Liu GH, Xu SL (1996) Biomass and net production of forest vegetation in China. Acta Ecol Sin 16:497–508 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Fang JY, Wang GG, Liu GH, Xu SL (1998) Forest biomass of China: an estimate based on the biomass-volume relationship. Ecol Appl 8:1084. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[1084:FBOCAE]2.0.CO; 2
Fang JY, Yu GR, Liu LL, Hu SJ, Chapin FS (2018) Climate change, human impacts, and carbon sequestration in China. PNAS 115(16):4015–4020. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700304115
Filipchuk A, Moiseev B, Malysheva N, Strakhov V (2018) Russian forests: a new approach to the assessment of carbon stocks and sequestration capacity. Environ Dev 26:68–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2018.03.002
Foody GM, Cutler ME, McMorrow J, Pelz D, Tangki H, Boyd DS, Douglas IAN (2001) Mapping the biomass of Bornean tropical rain forest from remotely sensed data. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 10:379–387. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822X.2001.00248.x
Frolking S, Goulden ML, Wofsy SC (1996) Modelling temporal variablility in the carbon balance of a spruce/moss boreal forest. Glob Chang Biol 2:343–366. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00086.x
Hame T, Salli A, Andersson K, Lohi A (1997) A new methodology for the estimation of biomass of conifer dominated boreal forest using NOAA AVHRR data. Int J Remote Sens 18:3211–3243. https://doi.org/10.1080/014311697217053
Haxeltine A, Prentice IC (1996) BIOME3: an equilibrium terrestrial biosphere model based on ecophysiological constrains, resource availablity, and competition among plant functional types. Global Biogeochem Cy 10:693–709. https://doi.org/10.1029/96GB02344
Hérault B, Piponiot C (2018) Key drivers of ecosystem recovery after disturbance in a neotropical forest. For Ecosyst 5:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-017-0126-7
Huang CD, Zhang J, Yang WQ, Zhang GQ, Wang YJ (2009) Spatial distribution characteristics of forest soil organic carbon stock in Sichuan Province. Acta Ecol Sin 29:1217–1225 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Imhoff M (1995) Radar backscatter and biomass saturation: ramifications for global biomass inventory. IEEE T Geosci Remote 33:511–518
Ito A, Oikawa T (2002) A simulation model of the carbon cycle in land ecossytems (Sim-cycel): a description based dry matter production theory and plot scale validation. Ecol Model 151:143–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00473-2
Jandl R, Lindner M, Vesterdal L, Bauwens B, Baritz R, Hagedorn F, Johnson DW, Minkkinen K, Byrne KA (2007) How strongly can forest management influence soil carbon sequestration? Geoderma 137:253–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2006.09.003
Jenkins JC, Chojnacky DC, Heath LS, Birdsey RA (2003) National-scale biomass estimators for United States tree species. For Sci 49(1):12–35. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/49.1.12
Ji YH, Guo K, Ni J, Xu XN, Wang ZG, Wang SG (2016) Current forest carbon stocks and carbon sequestration potential in Anhui Province, China. Chinese J Plant Ecol 40:395–404 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Jia SW (2016) Study on carbon storage of forest vegetation and its economic value in Henan Province based on continuous forest resources inventory. Hubei Agric Sci 55:1612–1616 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Jin F, Yang H, Zhao QG (2000) Advances in research on soil organic carbon storage and its influencing factors. Soils 1:12–18
Ju WM, Chen JM, Harvey D, Wang SQ (2007) Future carbon balance of China's forests under climate change and increasing CO2. J Environ Manag 85:538–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.04.028
Köhl M, Neupane PR, Lotfiomran N (2017) The impact of tree age on biomass growth and carbon accumulation capacity: a retrospective analysis using tree ring data of three tropical tree species grown in natural forests of Suriname. PLoS One 12(8):e0181187. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181187
Krankina O, Harmon M, Winjum J (1996) Carbon storage and sequestration in the Russian forest sector. Ambio 25:284–289
Kuuluvainen T, Gauthier S (2018) Young and old forest in the boreal: critical stages of ecosystem dynamics and management under global change. For Ecosyst 5:26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-018-0142-2
Lafleur B, Fenton NJ, Simard M, Leduc A, Paré D, Valeria O, Bergeron Y (2018) Ecosystem management in paludified boreal forests: enhancing wood production, biodiversity, and carbon sequestration at the landscape level. For Ecosyst 5:27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-018-0145-z
Lal R (2005) Forest soils and carbon sequestration. Forest Ecol Manag 220:242–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.08.015
Lamlom SH, Savidge RA (2003) A reassessment of carbon content in wood: variation within and between 41 North American species. Biomass Bioenergy 25:381–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(03)00033-3
Lamlom SH, Savidge RA (2006) Carbon content variation in boles of mature sugar maple and giant sequoia. Tree Physiol 26:459–468. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/26.4.459
Ledermann T, Neumann M (2006) Biomass equations from data of old long-term experimental plots. Aust J For Sci 123(1):47–64
Lee J, Yoon TK, Han S, Kim S, Yi MJ, Park GS, Kim C, Son YM, Kim R, Son Y (2014) Estimating the carbon dynamics of South Korean forests from 1954 to 2012. Biogeosciences 11:4637–4650. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4637-2014
Li HK, Lei YC, Zeng WS (2011) Forest carbon storage in China estimated using forestry inventory data. Scientia Silvae Sinicae 47:7–12 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Li KR, Wang SQ, Cao MK (2003) Chinese vegetation and soil carbon storage. Chin Sci S D: Earth Sci 33:72–80
Liu F, Tan C, Zhang G, Liu JX (2013) Single-wood parameters and biomass airborne LiDAR estimation of Larix olgensis. Trans Chin Soc Agric Mach 44(9):219–224, 242 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu GH, Fu BJ, Fang JY (2000) Carbon dynamics of Chinese forests and its contribution to global carbon balance. Acta Ecol Sin 20:733–740 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu J, Chen JM, Cihlar J, Park WM (1997) A process-based boreal ecosystem productivity simulator using remote sensing imputs. Remote Sens Environ 62:158–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(97)00089-8
Liu SN, Zhou T, Wei LY, Shu Y (2012) The spatial distribution of forest carbon sinks and sources in China. Chin Sci Bull 57(14):1699–1707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-4998-1
Liu X, Liu X, Skidmore A, Garcia C (2017) Recovery of woody plant species richness in secondary forests in China: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 7:10614. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10898-7
Liu Y, Yu G, Wang Q, Zhang Y (2014) How temperature, precipitation and stand age control the biomass carbon density of global mature forests. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 23:323–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12113
Lu F, Hu H, Sun W, Zhu J, Liu G, Zhou W, Zhang Q, Shi P, Liu X, Wu X, Lu Z, Wei X, Dai L, Zhang K, Sun Y, Xue S, Zhang W, Xiong D, Deng L, Liu B, Zhou L, Zhang C, Zheng X, Cao J, Huang Y, He N, Zhou G, Bai Y, Xie Z, Tang Z, Wu B, Fang J, Liu G, Yu G (2018) Effects of national ecological restoration projects on carbon sequestration in China from 2001 to 2010. Proc Natl Acad Sci 115(16):4039–4044
Ma S, He F, Tian D, Zou D, Yan Z, Yang Y, Zhou T, Huang K, Shen H, Fang J (2018) Variations and determinants of carbon content in plants: a global synthesis. Biogeosciences 15(3):693–702. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-693-2018
MacPeak MD, Burkart LF, Weldon D (1990) Comparison of grade, yield, and mechanical properties of lumber produced from young fast-grown and old slow-grown planted slash pine. Forest Prod J 40(1):11–14
Nan J (2001) Carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems of China: estimates at different spatial resolutions and their responses to climate change. Clim Chang 49:339–358
Nelson RF, Hyde P, Johnson P, Emessiene B, Imhoff ML, Campbell R, Edwards W (2007) Investigating RaDAR–LiDAR synergy in a North Carolina pine forest. Remote Sens Environ 110:98–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2007.02.006
Neumann M, Moreno A, Mues V, Härkönen S, Mura M, Bouriaud O, Lang M, Achten WMJ, Thivolle-Cazat A, Bronisz K, Merganič J, Decuyper M, Alberdi I, Astrup R, Mohren F, Hasenauer H (2016) Comparison of carbon estimation methods for European forests. Forest Ecol Manag 361:397–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.11.016
O'Rourke SM, Angers DA, Holden NM, McBratney AB (2015) Soil organic carbon across scales. Glob Chang Biol 21:3561–3574. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12959
Pan Y, Birdsey RA, Fang J, Houghton R, Kauppi PE, Kurz WA, Phillips OL, Shvidenko A, Lewis SL, Canadell JG, Ciais P, Jackson RB, Pacala S, McGuire AD, Piao S, Rautiainen A, Sitch S, Hayes D (2011) A large and persistent carbon sink in the world's forests. Science 333(6045):988 –993. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1201609
Pan Y, Luo T, Birdsey R, Hom J, Melillo J (2004) New estimates of carbon storage and sequestration in China's forest: effects of age-class and method on inventory-based estimation. Clim Chang 67:211–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-004-2799-5
Piao S, Fang J, Ciais P, Peylin P, Huang Y, Sitch S, Wang T (2009) The carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems in China. Nature 458:1009–1013. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07944
Piao S, Fang J, Zhou L, Zhu B, Tan K, Tao S (2005a) Changes in vegetation net primary productivity from 1982 to 1999 in China. Global Biogeochem Cy 19:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002274
Piao SL, Fang JY, Zhu B, Tan K (2005b) Forest biomass carbon stocks in China over the past 2 decades: estimation based on integrated inventory and satellite data. J Geophys Res 110:G01006. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JG000014
Pietsch SA, Hasenauer H (2002) Using mechanistic modeling within forest ecosystem restoration. Forest Ecol Manag 159:111–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00714-9
Poorter H, Niklas KJ, Reich PB, Oleksyn J, Poot P, Mommer L (2012) Biomass allocation to leaves, stems and roots: meta-analyses of interspecific variation and environmental control. New Phytol 193(1):30–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03952.x
Post WM, Mann LK (1990) Changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen as a result of cultivation. Soils and the greenhouse effect. Wiley, pp 410–416. https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/tcm.006
Repola J (2006) Models for vertical wood density of scots Pine, Norway spruce and birch stems, and their application to determine average wood density. Silva Fenn 40(4):673–685. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.322
Rodríguez Martín JA, Álvaro-Fuentes J, Gonzalo J, Gil C, Ramos-Miras JJ, Grau Corbí JM, Boluda R (2016) Assessment of the soil organic carbon stock in Spain. Geoderma 264:117–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.10.010
Sage LK, Smith CT, Kurz W, Thiffault E, Paré D, Bernier P (2019) Empirical and predicted boreal forest carbon pools following stem-only harvesting in Quebec, Canada. Soil Sci Soc Am J. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2018.07.0283
Sun QF, Jia LM, Liu YL, Han LD, Liu BF (2016) Research progress of forest vegetation and soil carbon storage in China. Environ Chem 35:1741–1744 (in Chinese)
Tang X, Zhao X, Bai Y, Tang Z, Wang W, Zhao Y, Wan H, Xie Z, Shi X, Wu B, Wang G, Yan J, Ma K, Du S, Li S, Han S, Ma Y, Hu H, He N, Yang Y, Han W, He H, Yu G, Fang J, Zhou G (2018) Carbon pools in China's terrestrial ecosystems: new estimates based on an intensive field survey. PNAS 115:4021–4026. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700291115
Tashi S, Singh B, Keitel C, Adams M (2016) Soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in forests along an altitudinal gradient in the eastern Himalayas and a meta-analysis of global data. Glob Chang Biol 22:2255–2268. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13234
Thomas SC, Martin AR (2012) Carbon content of tree tissues: a synthesis. Forests 3:332–352. https://doi.org/10.3390/f3020332
Thomas V, Treitz P, McCaughey JH, Morrison I (2006) Mapping stand-level forest biophysical variables for a mixedwood boreal forest using lidar: an examination of scanning density. Can J For Res 36:34–47. https://doi.org/10.1139/x05-230
Tian H, Lu C, Yang J, Banger K, Huntzinger DN, Schwalm CR, Michalak AM, Cook R, Ciais P, Hayes D, Huang M, Ito A, Jain AK, Lei H, Mao J, Pan S, Post WM, Peng S, Poulter B, Ren W, Ricciuto D, Schaefer K, Shi X, Tao B, Wang W, Wei Y, Yang Q, Zhang B, Zeng N (2015) Global patterns and controls of soil organic carbon dynamics as simulated by multiple terrestrial biosphere models: current status and future directions. Global Biogeochem Cy 29:775–792. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GB005021
Tian H, Melillo J, Lu C, Kicklighter D, Liu M, Ren W, Xu X, Chen G, Zhang C, Pan S, Liu J, Running S (2011) China's terrestrial carbon balance: contributions from multiple global change factors. Global Biogeochem Cy 25:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gb003838
Toan TL, Beaudoin A, Riom J, Guyon D (1992) Relating forest biomass to SAR data. IEEE T Geosci Remote 30:403–411. https://doi.org/10.1109/36.134089
Van Groenigen KJ, Qi X, Osenberg CW, Luo Y, Hungate BA (2014) Faster decomposition under increased atmospheric CO2 limits soil carbon storage. Science 344:508–509. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1249534
Vanguelova EI, Bonifacio E, De Vos B, Hoosbeek MR, Berger TW, Vesterdal L, Armolaitis K, Celi L, Dinca L, Kjonaas OJ, Pavlenda P, Pumpanen J, Puttsepp U, Reidy B, Simoncic P, Tobin B, Zhiyanski M (2016) Sources of errors and uncertainties in the assessment of forest soil carbon stocks at different scales-review and recommendations. Environ Monit Assess 188:630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5608-5
Wang P (2009) Forest carbon cycle model: a review. Chinese J Appl Ecol 20(6):1505–1010 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang S, Huang M, Shao X, Mickler RA, Li K, Ji J (2004) Vertical distribution of soil organic carbon in China. Environ Manag 33(sup1):S200–S209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-9130-5
Wang XK, Feng ZW, Ouyang ZY (2001) Vegetation carbon storage and density of forest ecosystems in China. Chinese J Appl Ecol 12:13–16 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang XK, Zhuang YH, Feng ZW (1994) Carbon dioxide release due to change in land use in China mainland. J Environ Sci 16:287–295
Warnant P, Francois L, Strivay D, Gerard JC (1994) CARAIB: a global model of terrestrial biological productivity. Global Biogeochem Cy 8:255–270. https://doi.org/10.1029/94GB00850
Wen D, He NP (2016) Spatial patterns of litter density and their controlling factors in forests and grasslands of China. Acta Ecol Sin 36:2876–2884 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Wieder WR, Cleveland CC, Smith WK, Todd-Brown K (2015) Future productivity and carbon storage limited by terrestrial nutrient availability. Nat Geosci 8:441–444. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2413
Wu QB, Wang XK, Duan XN, Deng LB, Lu F, Ouyang ZY, Feng ZW (2008) Carbon sequestration and its potential by forest ecosystems in China. Acta Ecol Sin 28:517–525 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Wulder MA, White JC, Nelson RF, Næsset E, Ørka HO, Coops NC, Hilker T, Bater CW, Gobakken T (2012) Lidar sampling for large-area forest characterization: a review. Remote Sens Environ 121:196–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.02.001
Xie XL, Sun B, Zhou HZ, Li ZP (2004) Soil carbon stocks and their influencing factors under native vegetations in China. Acta Ped Sin 41:687–699 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Xie Z, Zhu J, Liu G, Cadisch G, Hasegawa T, Chen C, Sun H, Tang H, Zeng Q (2007) Soil organic carbon stocks in China and changes from 1980s to 2000s. Glob Chang Biol 13:1989–2007. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01409.x
Xing SL, Zhang GL, Liu HT, Wang DB (2004) Larch forest biomass estimation model based on Landsat ETM data. J Fujian Coll Forest 2:153–156 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Xu L, He NP, Yu GR, Wen D, Gao Y, He HL (2015) Differences in pedotransfer functions of bulk density lead to high uncertainty in soil organic carbon estimation at regional scales: evidence from Chinese terrestrial ecosystems. JGR: Biogeosciences 120:1567–1575. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG002929
Xu L, Yu G, He N, Wang Q, Gao Y, Wen D, Li S, Niu S, Ge J (2018) Carbon storage in China's terrestrial ecosystems: a synthesis. Sci Rep 8:2806. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20764-9
Xu SS (2014) A review of forest carbon storage estimation methods. Forest Invent Plan 39:28–33 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Xu WM, Chen YF, Chen MH, Zheng LD, Zhang QL (2012) Research on the estimation of Chinese fir volume based on BP neural networks. J Fujian Coll Forest 32:310–315 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Xu XL, Cao MK, Li KR (2007) Temporal- spatial dynamics of carbon storage of forest vegetation in China. Prog Geogr 26:1–10 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Yang XF, Lu SW, Rao LY, Geng SB, Cao XX, Gao D (2011) Advances in the researches of carbon storage of forest ecology and related factors in China. J Northwest Forestry Univ 26:73–78 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Yang Y, Li P, Ding J, Zhao X, Ma W, Ji C, Fang J (2014) Increased topsoil carbon stock across China's forests. Glob Chang Biol 20:2687–2696. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12536
Yang Y, Mohammat A, Feng J, Zhou R, Fang J (2007) Storage, patterns and environmental controls of soil organic carbon in China. Biogeochemistry 84:131–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-007-9109-z
Yu GY, Wang XR, Li SG (2010) Carbon storage and its spatial pattern of terrestrial ecosystem in China. J Resour Ecol 1:97–109. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-764x.2010.02.001
Zeng W (2014) Development of monitoring and assessment of forest biomass and carbon storage in China. For Ecosyst 1:20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-014-0020-5
Zhang C, Ju W, Chen J, Zan M, Li D, Zhou Y, Wang X (2013a) China's forest biomass carbon sink based on seven inventories from 1973 to 2008. Clim Chang 118:933–948. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0666-3
Zhang C, Peng DL, Tu YY, Dang YF, Zhi CG (2013b) Predicting forest volume in Three Gorges Reservoir Region using TM images and partial least squares regression. J Beijing Forest Univ 35:11–17 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang CH, Ju WM, Chen JM, Wang XQ, Yang L, Zheng G (2015) Disturbance-induced reduction of biomass carbon sinks of China's forests in recent years. Environ Res Lett 10:114021. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/11/114021
Zhang H, Liu Q, Lu P, Yu Q (2005) Overview of the carbon cycle model of terrestrial ecosystems. China Sci Tech Infor 13:25–26 (in Chinese)
Zhao M, Yang J, Zhao N, Liu Y, Wang Y, Wilson JP, Yue T (2019) Estimation of China's forest stand biomass carbon sequestration based on the continuous biomass expansion factor model and seven forest inventories from 1977 to 2013. Forest Ecol Manag 448:528–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.06.036
Zhao M, Zhou GS (2004) Carbon storage of forest vegetation and its relationship with climatic factors. Sci Geogr Sin 1:50–54 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhao MW, Yue TX, Zhao N, Sun XF (2013) Spatial distribution of forest vegetation carbon stock in China based on HASM. Acta Geograph Sin 68:1212–1224 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zheng J, Zeng H, Zhong X (2005) Remaining cedar planting business model C library and its distribution. J Fujian Normal Univ (Natural Science Edition) 3:65–69 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhou YR, Yu ZL, Zhao SD (2000) Carbon storage and budget of major Chinese forest types. Chinese J Plant Ecol 24:518–522 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhu J, Hu H, Tao S, Chi X, Li P, Jiang L, Ji C, Zhu J, Tang Z, Pan Y, Birdsey RA, He X, Fang J (2017) Carbon stocks and changes of dead organic matter in China's forests. Nat Commun 8:151. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00207-1
Zhu X, Liu D (2015) Improving forest aboveground biomass estimation using seasonal Landsat NDVI time-series. ISPRS J Photogramm 102:222–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.08.014
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements
We express our great thanks to Fandi Shen for her meaningful working on linguistic modification.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
FEEDBACK 
TOP