Journal Home > Volume 5 , Issue 4
Forest Ecosystems 2018, 5(4): 37 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-018-0155-x
Research | Open Access | Issue | Published: 02 November 2018

Effects of the urban heat island and climate change on the growth of Khaya senegalensis in Hanoi, Vietnam

Show Author's Information Astrid Moser-Reischl1 ( ),  Enno Uhl1,  Thomas Rötzer1,  Peter Biber1,  Tran van Con2,  Nguyen Thanh Tan3
Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Dong Ngac Commune, Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Vietnam
Tay Nguyen University, 567 Le Duan Stree, Buon Ma Thuot City, Dak La Province, Vietnam
Keywords:
Ecosystem services, Dendrochronology, African mahogany, Urban tree growth
Cite this article:
Moser-Reischl A, Uhl E, Rötzer T, et al. Effects of the urban heat island and climate change on the growth of Khaya senegalensis in Hanoi, Vietnam. Forest Ecosystems, 2018, 5(4): 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-018-0155-x
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

468

Views

10

Downloads

Citations

15

Crossref

N/A

WoS

13

Scopus

0

CSCD

Abstract Full text About this article
Background

Recent projections expect that Vietnam will be affected most severely by climate change with higher temperatures, more precipitation and rising sea levels. Especially increased temperatures will worsen the situations in cities, amplifying the urban heat island effect. Green infrastructures, i.e. urban trees are a common tool to improve the urban micro-climate for humans. Vital and well growing trees provide greatest benefits such as evaporative cooling, shading, air filtering and carbon storage. However, urban tree growth is often negatively affected by urban growing conditions such as high soil sealing with compacted tree pits providing small growing spaces with limited water, nutrient and oxygen supply, further warm temperatures and high pollution emissions. This study analyzed the growth of urban and rural African mahogany (Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss.) trees in the city of Hanoi, Vietnam and the effects of the surrounding climate conditions on tree growth.

Results

The results showed that rural African mahogany trees grew better than trees situated in the city center, which is contrary to other results on tree growth of temperate and subtropical cities worldwide. Moreover tree growth was similar regardless of the time of growth. Other results regarding stem growth of African mahogany located in different areas of Hanoi (east, west, north, city center) revealed a better growth in the northern and western outskirts of the city compared to the growth of trees in the city center.

Conclusion

African mahogany trees in the urban centers of Hanoi showed a decreased growth compared to rural trees, which was likely induced by a low ground-water level and high pollution rates. In view of climate change and global warming, the decreased tree growth in the city center may also affect tree service provision such as shading and cooling. Those climate mitigation solutions are strongly needed in areas severely affected by climate change and global warming such as Vietnam.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article

Effects of the urban heat island and climate change on the growth of Khaya senegalensis in Hanoi, Vietnam

Show Author's information Astrid Moser-Reischl1 ( ), Enno Uhl1, Thomas Rötzer1, Peter Biber1, Tran van Con2, Nguyen Thanh Tan3
Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Dong Ngac Commune, Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Vietnam
Tay Nguyen University, 567 Le Duan Stree, Buon Ma Thuot City, Dak La Province, Vietnam

Abstract

Background

Recent projections expect that Vietnam will be affected most severely by climate change with higher temperatures, more precipitation and rising sea levels. Especially increased temperatures will worsen the situations in cities, amplifying the urban heat island effect. Green infrastructures, i.e. urban trees are a common tool to improve the urban micro-climate for humans. Vital and well growing trees provide greatest benefits such as evaporative cooling, shading, air filtering and carbon storage. However, urban tree growth is often negatively affected by urban growing conditions such as high soil sealing with compacted tree pits providing small growing spaces with limited water, nutrient and oxygen supply, further warm temperatures and high pollution emissions. This study analyzed the growth of urban and rural African mahogany (Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss.) trees in the city of Hanoi, Vietnam and the effects of the surrounding climate conditions on tree growth.

Results

The results showed that rural African mahogany trees grew better than trees situated in the city center, which is contrary to other results on tree growth of temperate and subtropical cities worldwide. Moreover tree growth was similar regardless of the time of growth. Other results regarding stem growth of African mahogany located in different areas of Hanoi (east, west, north, city center) revealed a better growth in the northern and western outskirts of the city compared to the growth of trees in the city center.

Conclusion

African mahogany trees in the urban centers of Hanoi showed a decreased growth compared to rural trees, which was likely induced by a low ground-water level and high pollution rates. In view of climate change and global warming, the decreased tree growth in the city center may also affect tree service provision such as shading and cooling. Those climate mitigation solutions are strongly needed in areas severely affected by climate change and global warming such as Vietnam.

Keywords: Ecosystem services, Dendrochronology, African mahogany, Urban tree growth

References(73)

Akbari H, Pomerantz M, Taha H (2001) Cool surfaces and shade trees to reduce energy use and improve air quality in urban areas. Sol Energy 70(3):295-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-092X(00)00089-X
DOI Google Scholar

Armson D, Stringer P, Ennos AR (2013) The effect of street trees and amenity grass on urban surface water runoff in Manchester, UK. Urban For Urban Green 12(3):282-286
DOI Google Scholar

Arndt SK, Sanders GJ, Bristow M, Hutley LB, Beringer J, Livesley SJ (2015) Vulnerability of native savanna trees and exotic Khaya senegalensis to seasonal drought. Tree Physiol 35(7):783-791
DOI Google Scholar

Ballester J, Rodó X, Giorgi F (2010) Future changes in Central Europe heat waves expected to mostly follow summer mean warming. Clim Dynam 35(7-8):1191-1205
DOI Google Scholar
Bartens J, Day SD, Harris JR, Dove JE, Wynn TM (2008) Can urban tree roots improve infiltration through compacted subsoils for stormwater management? J Environ Qual 37(6): 2048-2057. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0117
DOI
Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker B, Walker S (2015) Linear mixed-effects models using 'Eigen' and S4. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/lme4/index.html. Accessed 23 July 2018

Bell ML, Morgenstern RD, Harrington W (2011) Quantifying the human health benefits of air pollution policies: review of recent studies and new directions in accountability research. Environ Sci Pol 14(4):357-368
DOI Google Scholar

Bühler O, Kristoffersen P, Larsen SU (2007) Growth of street trees in Copenhagen with emphasis on the effect of different establishment concepts. Arboric Urban For 33(5):330-337
DOI Google Scholar
Bunn A, Korpela M, Biondi F, Campelo F, Mérian P, Qeadan F, Zang C, Buras A, Cecile J, Mudelsee M, Schulz M, Pucha-Cofrep D, Wernicke J (2015) Dendrochronology program library in R. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/dplR/index.html. Accessed 23 July 2018

Bussotti F, Pollastrini M, Killi D, Ferrini F, Fini A (2014) Ecophysiology of urban trees in a perspective of climate change. Agrochimica 58:247-268
Google Scholar

Campelo F, Gutiérrez E, Ribas M, Sánchez-Salguero R, Nabais C, Camarero JJ (2018) The facultative bimodal growth pattern in Quercus ilex - a simple model to predict sub-seasonal and inter-annual growth. Dendrochronologia 49:77-88
DOI Google Scholar

Chmielewski FM, Rötzer T (2001) Response of tree phenology to climate change across Europe. Agric For Meteorol 108(2):101-112
DOI Google Scholar

Churkina G, Zaehle S, Hughes J, Viovy N, Chen Y, Jung M, Heumann BW, Ramankutty N, Heimann M, Jones C (2010) Interactions between nitrogen deposition, land cover conversion, and climate change determine the contemporary carbon balance of Europe. Biogeosciences 7:2749-2764
DOI Google Scholar

Coburn J (2009) Cities, climate change and urban heat island mitigation: localising global environmental science. Urban Stud 46:413-427
DOI Google Scholar
Cook ER, Holmes RL (1986) User manual for computer program ARSTAN. In: Holmes RL, Adams RK, Fritts HC (eds) Tree-ring chronologies of western North America: California, eastern Oregon and northern Great Basin, vol Chronology Series 6. University of Arizona, Tucson, pp 50-57
Daanen HA, Jonkhoff W, Bosch P, ten Broeke H (2013) The effect of globalwarming and urban heat islands on mortality, morbidity and productivity in the Netherlands. Paper presented at the 15th international conference on environmental ergonomics, Queenstown, pp 11-15 Feb 2013

Dahlhausen J, Biber P, Rötzer T, Uhl E, Pretzsch H (2016) Tree species and their space requirements in six urban environments worldwide. Forests 7(6):111
DOI Google Scholar

Davies ZG, Edmondson JL, Heinemeyer A, Leake JR, Gaston KJ (2011) Mapping an urban ecosystem service: quantifying above-ground carbon storage at a citywide scale. J Appl Ecol 48(5):1125-1134
DOI Google Scholar

de Groot RS, Wilson MA, Boumans RMJ (2002) A typology for the classification, description and valuation 709 of ecosystem functions, goods and services. Ecol Econ 41:393-408
DOI Google Scholar

de Martonne E (1926) Une novelle fonction climatologique: L'indice d'aridité. La Météorologie 21:449-458
Google Scholar

Dimoudi A, Nikolopoulou M (2003) Vegetation in the urban environment: microclimatic analysis and benefits. Energ Buildings 35:69-76
DOI Google Scholar
DWD (2017) Deutscher Wetterdienst. Offenbach am Main: German Weather Service
Esper J, Cook ER, Schweingruber FH (2002) Low-frequency signals in long tree-ring chronologies for reconstructing past temperature variability. Science 295:2250-2253https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1066208
DOI

Fang J, Kato T, Guo Z, Yang Y, Hu H, Shen H, Zhao X, Kishimoto-Mo AW, Tang Y, Houghton RA (2014) Evidence for environmentally enhanced forest growth. PNAS 111:9527-9532. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1402333111
DOI Google Scholar
FAO (2011) Strengthening capacities to enhance coordinated and integrated disaster risk reduction actions and adaptation to climate change in agriculture in the northern mountain regions of Viet Nam. http://www.fao.org/climatechange/34098-06187508355defb6b37704dcb214eda1b.pdf. Accessed 23 July 2018

Farrell C, Szota C, Arndt SK (2015) Urban plantings: 'Living Laboratories' for climate change response. Trends Plant Sci 20(10):597-599
DOI Google Scholar
Foster J, Lowe A, Winkelman S (2011) The value of green infrastructure for urban climate adaptation. Center for Clean Air Policy, Washington D.C

Gaoue OG, Ticktin T (2007) Patterns of harvesting foliage and bark from the multipurpose tree Khaya senegalensis in Benin: variation across ecological regions and its impacts on population structure. Biol Conserv 137(3):424-436
DOI Google Scholar

Gillner S, Bräuning A, Roloff A (2014) Dendrochronological analysis of urban trees: climatic response and impact of drought on frequently used tree species. Trees 28(4):1079-1093
DOI Google Scholar

Gillner S, Vogt J, Roloff A (2013) Climatic response and impacts of drought on oaks at urban and forest sites. Urban For Urban Green 12(4):597-605
DOI Google Scholar
Holmes RL, Adams RK, Fritts HC (1986) Tree-ring chronologies of western North America: California, eastern Oregon and northern Great Basin with procedures used in the chronology development work including users manuals for computer programs COFECHA and ARSTAN, chronology series VI. Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tuscon, Arizona
IPCC (2001) Climate change 2001: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
IPCC (2014) Synthesis report. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge

Kauppi PE, Posch M, Pirinen P (2014) Large impacts of climate warming on growth of boreal forest since 1960. PLoS One 9(11):e111340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111340
DOI Google Scholar

Kim Oanh NT, Upadhyay N, Zhuang YH, Hao ZP, Murthy DVS, Lestari P, Villarin JT, Chengchua K, Co HX, Dung NT, Lindgren ES (2006) Particulate air pollution in six Asian cities: spatial and temporal distributions, and associated sources. Atmos Environ 40(18):3367-3380
DOI Google Scholar

Klein T (2014) The variability of stomatal sensitivity to leaf water potential across tree species indicates a continuum between isohydric and anisohydric behaviours. Funct Ecol 28(6):1313-1320. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12289
DOI Google Scholar

Klemm W, Heusinkveld BG, Lenzholzer S, van Hove B (2015) Street greenery and its physical and psychological impacton thermal comfort. Landscape Urban Plan 138:87-98
DOI Google Scholar

Konarska K, Uddling J, Holmer B, Lutz M, Lindberg F, Pleijel H, Thorsson S (2015) Transpiration of urban trees and its cooling effect in a high latitude city. Int J Biometeorol 60(1):159-172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-015-1014-x
DOI Google Scholar

Lee H, Holst J, Mayer H (2013) Modification of human-biometeorologically significant radiant flux densities by shading as local method to mitigate heat stress in summer within urban street canyons. Adv Meteorol 38:1-13
DOI Google Scholar

Morgenroth J, Buchan GD (2009) Soil moisture and aeration beneath pervious and impervious pavements. Arboric Urban For 35(3):135-141
DOI Google Scholar

Moser A, Rahman MA, Pretzsch H, Pauleit S, Rötzer T (2016a) Inter- and intraannual growth patterns of urban small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata mill.) at two public squares with contrasting microclimatic conditions. Int J Biometeorol 61(6):1095-1107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-016-1290-0
DOI Google Scholar

Moser A, Rötzer T, Pauleit S, Pretzsch H (2015) Structure and ecosystem services of small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata mill.) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) in urban environments. Urban For Urban Green 14(4):1110-1121
DOI Google Scholar

Moser A, Rötzer T, Pauleit S, Pretzsch H (2016b) The urban environment can modify drought stress of small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata mill.) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). Forests 7(3):71
DOI Google Scholar

Moser A, Uhl E, Rötzer T, Biber P, Dahlhausen J, Lefer B, Pretzsch H (2017) Effects of climate and the urban heat island effect on urban tree growth in Houston. Open J Forest 7:428-445
DOI Google Scholar

Nowak DJ, Crane DE (2002) Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA. Environ Pollut 116:381-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00214-7
DOI Google Scholar
Nowak DJ, Dwyer JF (2007) Understanding the benefits and costs of urban forest ecosystems. In: Kuser JE (ed) Urban and community forestry in the northeast, vol 2nd. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 25-46https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4289-8_2
DOI
Oke T (1987) Boundary layer climate. University Paperbacks, New York

Perera PKP, Amarasekera HS, Weerawardena NDR (2012) Effect of growth rate on wood specific gravity of three alternative timber species in Sri Lanka; Swietenia macrophylla, Khaya senegalensis and Paulownia fortunei. J Trop Forest Environ 2:26-35
DOI Google Scholar

Phi TH, Strokova LA (2015) Prediction maps of land subsidence caused by groundwater exploitation in Hanoi, Vietnam. Resource-Efficient Technol 1:80-89
DOI Google Scholar
Pretzsch H (2010) Forest dynamics, growth and yield: from measurement to model. Springer, Heidelberghttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88307-4
DOI

Pretzsch H, Biber P, Schütze G, Kemmerer J, Uhl E (2018) Wood density reduced while wood volume growth accelerated in central European forests since 1870. For Ecol Manag 429:589-616
DOI Google Scholar

Pretzsch H, Biber P, Schütze G, Uhl E, Rötzer T (2014) Forest stand growth dynamics in Central Europe have accelerated since 1870. Nat Commun 5(suppl. 1):4967. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5967
DOI Google Scholar

Pretzsch H, Biber P, Uhl E, Dahlhausen J, Schütze G, Perkins D, Rötzer T, Caldentey J, Koike T, van Con T, Chavanne A, du Toit B, Foster K, Lefer B (2017) Climate change accelerates growth of urban trees in metropolises worldwide. Sci Rep 7:1-10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14831-w
DOI Google Scholar
R Core Team (2018) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna http://www.R-project.org/. Accessed 23 July 2018

Rahman MA, Moser A, Rötzer T, Pauleit S (2017a) Microclimatic differences and their influence on transpirational cooling of Tilia cordata in two contrasting street canyons in Munich, Germany. Agric For Meteorol 232:443-456
DOI Google Scholar

Rahman MA, Moser A, Rötzer T, Pauleit S (2017b) Within canopy temperature differences and cooling ability of Tilia cordata trees grown in urban conditions. Build Environ 114:118-128
DOI Google Scholar

Rahman MA, Stringer P, Ennos AR (2013) Effect of pit design and soil composition on performance of Pyrus calleryana street trees in the establishment period. Arboric Urban For 39:256-266
DOI Google Scholar

Rennenberg H, Loreto F, Polle A, Brilli F, Fares S, Beniwal RS, Gessler A (2006) Physiological responses of forest trees to heat and drought. Plant Biol 6:556-571
DOI Google Scholar
Rinn F (2003) TSAP-win: time series analysis and presentation for dendrochronology and related applications. Version 0.55 User reference, Heidelberg
Rinn F (2005) TSAP v3.6. Reference manual: computer program for tree-ring analysis and presentation. TSAP, Heidelberg

Roy S, Byrne JA, Pickering C (2012) A systematic quantitative review of urban tree benefits, costs, and assessment methods across cities in different climatic zones. Urban For Urban Green 11:351-363
DOI Google Scholar

Santamouris M (2014) Cooling the cities - a review of reflective and green roof mitigation technologies to fight heat island and improve comfort in urban environments. Sol Energy 103:682-703
DOI Google Scholar
Schmidt-Thomé P, Nguyen H, Pham L, Jarva J, Nuottimäki K (2015) Climate Change in Vietnam. In: Climate change adaptation measures in Vietnam. Development and implementation. Springer, Heidelberg, p 100https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12346-2_2
DOI

Searle SY, Turnbull MH, Boelman NT, Schuster WSF, Yakir D, Griffin KL (2012) Urban environment of new York City promotes growth in northern red oak seedlings. Tree Physiol 32(4):389-400
DOI Google Scholar
Seto KC, Fragkias M, Güneralp B, Reilly MK (2011) A meta-analysis of global urban land expansion. PLoS One 6: e23777. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023777
DOI

Sjöman H, Hirons AD, Bassuk NL (2015) Urban forest resilience through tree selection−variation in drought tolerance in Acer. Urban For Urban Green 14:858-865
DOI Google Scholar
Speer JH (2012) Fundamentals of tree-ring research. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson

Tarhule A, Hughes MK (2002) Tree-ring research in semi-arid West Africa: need and potential. Tree-Ring Res 58:31-46
Google Scholar
TEEB-The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity (2011) TEEB manual for cities: ecosystem services in urban management. http://www.teebweb.org. Accessed 23 July 2018
Tyrväinen L, Pauleit S, Seeland K, Vries S (2005) Benefits and uses of urban forests and trees. In: Konijnendijk C, Nilsson K, Randrup T, Schipperijn J (eds) Urban forests and trees. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 81-114. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27684-x_5
DOI

Vieira J, Carvalho A, Campelo F (2018) Xylogenesis in the early life stages of maritime pine. Forest Ecol Manag 424:71-77
DOI Google Scholar

Wigley TML, Briffa KR, Jones PD (1984) On the average value of correlated time series, with applications in dendroclimatology and hydrometeorology. J Clim Appl Meteorol 23:201-213
DOI

Yoon TK, Park CW, Lee SJ, Ko S, Kim KN, Son Y, Lee KH, Oh S, Lee WK, Son Y (2013) Allometric equations for estimating the aboveground volume of five common urban street tree species in Daegu, Korea. Urban For Urban Green 12:344-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2013.03.006
DOI Google Scholar
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Rights and permissions

Publication history

Received: 13 April 2018
Accepted: 25 September 2018
Published: 02 November 2018
Issue date: December 2018

Copyright

© The Author(s) 2018.

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

Thanks to the AUDI Environmental Foundation for funding this study (project 5101954: "Reaktionskinetik von Bäumen unter Klimaveränderungen" –"Reaction kinetics of trees under climate change"). All contributors thank the municipal authority of Hanoi/Vietnam for supporting the search for the trees and the allowance of measuring and coring the trees.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Return