301
Views
5
Downloads
20
Crossref
N/A
WoS
26
Scopus
0
CSCD
This contribution complements Forest Ecosystems' Thematic Series on "Forest Observational Studies". We provide essential clarification regarding the definition and purpose of long-term field studies, review some of the extensive literature and discuss different approaches to collecting field data. We also describe two newly established forest observational networks that serve to illustrate the scope and diversity of forest field studies. The first is a large-scale network of forest observational studies in prominent natural forest ecosystems in China. The second example demonstrates observational studies in mixed and uneven-aged pine-oak forests which are selectively managed by local communities in Mexico. We summarize the potential for analysing and modeling forest ecosystems within interdisciplinary projects and provide argumentation in favour of long-term institutional commitment to maintaining forest observational field studies.
This contribution complements Forest Ecosystems' Thematic Series on "Forest Observational Studies". We provide essential clarification regarding the definition and purpose of long-term field studies, review some of the extensive literature and discuss different approaches to collecting field data. We also describe two newly established forest observational networks that serve to illustrate the scope and diversity of forest field studies. The first is a large-scale network of forest observational studies in prominent natural forest ecosystems in China. The second example demonstrates observational studies in mixed and uneven-aged pine-oak forests which are selectively managed by local communities in Mexico. We summarize the potential for analysing and modeling forest ecosystems within interdisciplinary projects and provide argumentation in favour of long-term institutional commitment to maintaining forest observational field studies.
Amateis RL, Burkhart HE (2012) Rotation-age results from a loblolly pine spacing trial. South J Appl For 36:11-18
Ausburg T (2006) Becoming Interdisciplinary: An Introduction to Interdisciplinary Studies, 2nd edn. Kendall/Hunt Publishing, New York
Bosch J, Gadow K (1990) Regulating afforestation for water conservation in South Africa. S Afr For J No 153:41-54
Bungart R, Hüttl RF (2004) Growth dynamics and biomass accumulation of 8-year-old hybrid poplar clones in a short-rotation plantation on a clayey-sandy mining substrate with respect to plant nutrition and water budget. Eur J For Res 123(2):105-115
Burkhart HE (2008) Modelling growth and yield for intensively managed forests. J For Sci 24:119-126
Cox DR (1958) Planning of Experiments. Wiley, New York
De Barba M, Waits LP, Genovesi P, Randi E, Chirichella R, Cetto E (2010) Comparing opportunistic and systematic sampling methods for non-invasive genetic monitoring of a small translocated brown bear population. J Appl Ecol 47:172-181. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01752.x
de Menezes LM, Bunn DW, Taylor JW (2000) Review of guidelines for the use of combined forecasts. Eur J Oper Res 120:190-204
Fisher RA (1935) The Design of Experiments, 1st edn. Oliver & Boyd, London
Gadow K, Hui GY (2007) Can the tree species-area relationship be derived from prior knowledge of the tree species richness? For Stud 46:13-22, 2007
Gao L, Zhang CY, Zhao XH, Gadow K (2010) Gender-related climate response of radial growth in dioecious fraxinus mandshurica trees. Tree-Ring Res 66(2):2010
Hubbell SP (2001) The Unified Neutral Theory of Biogeography and Biodiversity. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Kafatos FC, Eisner T (2004) Unification in the century of biology. Science 303:1257
Kramer H (1988) Waldwachstumslehre. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg and Berlin, p 374
Kuehl RO (1994) Statistical Principles of Research Design and Analysis. Duxbury Press, Belmont, California, p 686
Laiho O, Pukkala T, Lähde E (2014) Height increment of understorey Norway spruces under different tree canopies. For Ecosyst 1:4
Longuetaud F, Seifert T, Leban J-M, Pretzsch H (2008) Long-term dynamics of crowns in sessile oak stands by means of spatial analysis. For Ecol Manag 255:2007-2019
Monserud RA (2002) Large-scale management experiments in the moist maritime forests of the Pacific Northwest. Landsc Urban Plan 59(3):159-180
Pukkala T (2014) Stand management optimization - the role of simplifications. For Ecosyst 1:3
Radtke PJ, Amateis RL, Prisley SP, Copenheaver CA, Chojnacky DC, Püttman JR, Burkhart HE (2009) Modeling production and decay of coarse woody debris in loblolly pine plantations. For Ecol Manage 257:790-799
Seymour RS, Guldin J, Marshall DM, Palik B (2006a) Large-scale, long-term silvicultural experiments in the United States: historical overview and contemporary examples. Allg Forst u J Ztg 177(6/7):104-112
Seymour RS, Guldin J, Marshall D, Palik B (2006b) Large-scale, long-term silvicultural experiments in the United States: historical overview and contemporary examples. Allg Forst u J Ztg 177(6/7):104-112
Sims A, Kangur A, Hordo M, Kiviste A, Jögiste K, Gadow K (2009) Tracking disturbance-induced changes in stand development at irregular measurement intervals in the järvselja forest experiments. Balt For 15(2):151-160
Spellmann H, Wagner S, Nagel J, Guericke M, Griese F (1996) In der Tradition stehend, neue Wege beschreitend. Forst u Holz 51(11):363-368
Szaro RC, Peterson CE, Gadow K (2006) Operational experiments for sustainably managing forests. Allg Forst u J Ztg 177(6/7):98-104
Temesgen H, Zhang C, Zhao X (2014) Modelling tree height-diameter relationships of multi-species and multi-layered forests: a large observational study from Northeast China. For Ecol Manag 276:139-145
Valkonen S, Eerikäinen K, Saksa T (2014) Ingrowth, survival and height growth of small trees in uneven-aged Picea abies stands in southern Finland. For Ecosyst 1:5
Vanclay JK (1994) Modelling Forest Growth - Applications to Mixed Tropical Forests. CAB International, Wallingford, UK
Vanclay JK (2014) Unsuspected implications arising from assumptions in simulations: Insights from recasting a forest growth model in system dynamics. For Ecosyst 1:7
Wang J, Zhang C, Xia F, Zhao X, Wu L, Gadow K (2011) Biomass structure and allometry of Abies nephrolepis (Maxim) in Northeast China. Silva Fennica 45(2):211-226
Wehenkel C, Corral-Rivas JJ, Hernández-Díaz JC, Gadow K (2011) Estimating balanced structure areas in multi-species forests on the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico. Ann For Sci 68:385-394
Zhang CY, Zhao XH, Liu XD, Gadow K (2009a) Spatial distributions and spatial associations of dominant tree species in Korean pine broadleaved oldgrowth forests in Changbai Mountains. Balt For 16(1):66-74
Zhang CY, Zhao XH, Gadow K (2009b) Gender, neighboring competition and habitat effects on the stem growth of dioecious Fraxinus mandshurica trees in a northern temperate forest. Ann For Sci 66:812-821
Zhang CY, Zhao XH, Zhang CY, Zhao XH, Gao L, Gadow K (2010a) Gender-related distributions of Fraxinus mandshurica in secondary and old-growth forests. Acta Oecol 36:55-62
Zhang CY, Zhao XH, Gadow K (2010b) Partitioning temperate plant community structure at different scales. Acta Oecol 36:306-313
Zhang CY, Wang J, Zhao XH, Xia FC, Gadow K (2012) Sexual dimorphism in reproductive and vegetative allometry for two dioecious Rhamnus plants in north-eastern China. Eur J For Res 131:1287-1296
We greatly appreciate the constructive comments received from three anonymous reviewers which resulted in an extensive revision of the original submission. We thank the Forest Modeling Research Cooperative, and Harold Burkhart and Ralph Amateis at Virginia Tech, for providing material for this paper.
Individual author contributions: Zhao and Zhang (Section 2.2); Corral Rivas (Section 2.3); Temesgen (contributions to other sections): Gadow (Sections 1 and 3).
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.