Open Access
Issue
Published:
07 February 2013
Differential Coherent Algorithm Based on Fast Navigation-Bit Correction for Airborne GNSS-R Software Receivers
Bo Zhang(
),
),
Keywords:
satellite navigation, signal processing, Global Navigation Satellite Signal Reflectometry (GNSS-R), Delay-Doppler maps, differential coherence, signal-to-noise ratio
Cite this article:
Wang Y, Zhang B, Shao D.
Differential Coherent Algorithm Based on Fast Navigation-Bit Correction for Airborne GNSS-R Software Receivers.
Tsinghua Science and Technology,
2013, 18(1): 88-99.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TST.2013.6449412
Download citation
446
Views
21
Downloads
Citations
0
Crossref
N/A
WoS
6
Scopus
0
CSCD
Signals from the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) scatter over the sea surface resulting in relatively low Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNR). A differential coherent algorithm is given here to improve the SNR and reduce the performance degradation due to the Squaring-Loss and the navigation-bit effect. The algorithm uses fast navigation-bit correction for Delay-Doppler Maps (DDM) in airborne Global Navigation Satellite Signal Reflectometry (GNSS-R) software receivers. The system model is introduced with an analysis of the statistical properties with simulations to support the theoretical analysis. Field experiments with real airborne receivers then demonstrate the effectiveness of this algorithm. Comparisons with test results show that this algorithm offers a significant SNR gain over conventional algorithms.
menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article
Differential Coherent Algorithm Based on Fast Navigation-Bit Correction for Airborne GNSS-R Software Receivers
Bo Zhang(
),
),
Abstract
Signals from the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) scatter over the sea surface resulting in relatively low Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNR). A differential coherent algorithm is given here to improve the SNR and reduce the performance degradation due to the Squaring-Loss and the navigation-bit effect. The algorithm uses fast navigation-bit correction for Delay-Doppler Maps (DDM) in airborne Global Navigation Satellite Signal Reflectometry (GNSS-R) software receivers. The system model is introduced with an analysis of the statistical properties with simulations to support the theoretical analysis. Field experiments with real airborne receivers then demonstrate the effectiveness of this algorithm. Comparisons with test results show that this algorithm offers a significant SNR gain over conventional algorithms.
Keywords:
satellite navigation, signal processing, Global Navigation Satellite Signal Reflectometry (GNSS-R), Delay-Doppler maps, differential coherence, signal-to-noise ratio
References(35)
[1]
M. Martin-Neira, A passive reflectometry and interferometry system (PARIS): Application to ocean altimetry, ESA Journal, vol. 17, no. 4, pp.331-355, 1993.
[2]
V. U. Zavorotny and A. G. Voronovich, Bistatic GPS signal reflections at various polarizations from rough land surface with moisture content, in Proc. IEEE Int. Geosci. Remote Sens. Symp., Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 2000, pp. 2852-2854.
[3]
N. Rodriguez-Alvarez, X. Bosch-Lluis, A. Camps, M. Vall-Llossera, E. Valencia, J. F. Marchan-Hernandez, and I. Ramos-Perez, Soil moisture retrieval using GNSS-R techniques: Experimental results over a bare soil field, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 47, no. 11, pp. 3616-3624, Nov. 2009.
[4]
A. Komjathy, J. Maslanik, V. U. Zavorotny, P. Axelrad, and S. J. Katzberg, Sea ice remote sensing using surface reflected GPS signals, in Proc. IEEE Int. Geosci. Remote Sens. Symp., Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 2000, pp. 2855-2857.
[5]
V. U. Zavorotny and A. G. Voronovich, Scattering of GPS signals from the ocean with wind remote sensing application, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 951-964, Mar. 2000.
[6]
E. Cardellach, Sea surface determination using GNSS reflected signals, Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Signal Theor. & Commun., Univ. Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain, 2001.
[7]
A. Rius, J. M. Aparicio, E. Cardellach, M. Mart¨ªn-Neira, and B. Chapron, Sea surface state measured using GPS reflected signals, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 29, no. 23, pp. 2122, 2002.
[8]
F. Soulat, M. Caparrini, O. Germain, P. Lopez-Dekker, M. Taani, and G. Ruffini, Sea state monitoring using coastal GNSS-R, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 31, no. 21, pp. L21303, 2004.
[9]
J. F. Marchan-Hernandez, Sea state determination using GNSS-R techniques: Contributions to the PAU instru-ment, Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Signal Theor. & Commun., Univ. Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain, 2009.
[10]
O. Germain, The eddy experiment: GNSS-R speculo-metry for directional sea-roughness retrieval from low altitude aircraft, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 31, no. 21, pp. L21307, 2004.
[11]
J. Marchan-Hernandez, N. Rodriguez-Alvarez, A. Camps, X. Bosch-Lluis, I. Ramos-Perez, and E. Valencia, Cor-rection of the sea state impact in the L-band brightness temperature by means of delay-Doppler maps of global navigation satellite signals reflected over the sea surface, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 46, no. 10, pp. 2914-2923, Oct. 2008.
[12]
E. Cardellach and A. Rius, A new technique to sense non-Gaussian features of the sea surface from l-band bi-static GNSS reflections, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 112, no. 6, pp. 2927-2937, 2008.
[13]
J. F. Marchan-Hernandez, Sea state determination using GNSS-R techniques: Contributions to the PAU instru-ment, Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Signal Theor. & Commun., Univ. Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain, 2009.
[14]
E. Valencia, J. F. Marchan-Hernandez, A. Camps, N. Rodriguez-Alvarez, J. M. Tarongi, M. Piles, I. Ra-mos-Perez, X. Bosch-Lluis, M. Vall-llossera, and P. Ferr¨¦, Experimental relationship between the sea brightness temperature and the GNSS-R delay-Doppler maps: Pre-liminary results of the ALBATROSS field experiments, in Proc. IEEE Int. Geosci. Remote Sens. Symp., Cape Town, South Africa, 2009, pp. III-741-III-744.
[15]
A. Camps, X. Bosch-Lluis, and H. Park, Impact of receiver’s frequency response in GNSS reflectometers, presented at the Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2010 IEEE International, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 2010.
[16]
J. L. Garrison, A. Komjathy, V. U. Zavorotny, and S. J. Katzberg, Wind speed measurement using forward scattered GPS signals, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 50-65, Jan. 2002.
[17]
E. Valencia, A. Camps, J. F. Marchan-Hernandez, N. Rodriguez-Alvarez, I. Ramos-Perez, and X. Bosch-Lluis, Experimental determination of the sea correlation time using GNSS-R coherent data, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 675-679, Oct. 2010.
[18]
S. T. Lowe, Voltage signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) nonli-nearity resulting from incoherent summations, The Telecommunications and Mission Operations Progress Report, TMO PR. 42-137, 1999.
[19]
Y. Wei, Selected GPS receiver enhancements for weak signal acquisition and tracking, Master thesis, Dept. Geomatics Engineering, The University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 2007.
[20]
M. H. Zarrabizadeh, E. S. Sousa, A differentially coherent PN code acquisition receiver for CDMA systems, IEEE Trans on Communications, vol. 45, no. 11, pp. 1456-1465, Nov. 1997.
[21]
H. T. Liu, The research and development of high sensi-tivity GPS/Galileo dual mode navigation receiver, (in Chinese), Ph.D. dissertation, Graduate School of National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China, Sep., 2006.
[22]
S. K. Shanmugam, R. Watson, J. Nielsen, and G. Lachapelle, Differential signal processing schemes for enhanced GPS acquisition, presented at the ION GNSS 18th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division, Long Beach, CA, USA, 2005.
[23]
W. Yu, B. Zheng, R. Watson, and G. Lachapelle, Differential combining for acquiring weak GPS signals, Signal Processing, vol. 87, no. 5, pp. 824-840, May, 2007.
[24]
G. R. Valenzuela, Theories for the interaction of elec-tromagnetic and oceanic waves — A review, Bound.-Layer Meteorol., vol. 31, nos. 1-4, pp. 61-85, 1978.
[25]
F. C. Jackson, W. T.Walton, D. E. Hines, B. A. Walters, and C. Y. Peng, Sea surface mean square slope from Ku -band backscatter data, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 97, no. C7, pp. 11411-11427, 1992.
[26]
V. U. Zavorotny and A.G. Voronovich, Scattering of GPS signals from the ocean with wind remote sensing application, geoscience and remote sensing, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 951-964, Mar, 2000.
[27]
M. Mart¨ªn-Neira, S. D’Addio, C. Buck, N. Floury, and R. Prieto-Cerdeira, The PARIS ocean altimeter in-orbit demonstrator, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 2209-2237, June 2011.
[28]
K. Sun, A differential strategy for GNSS weak signals acquisition in presence of bit sign transitions, presented at the 6th International Conference on Wireless Communications Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM), Chengdu, China, 2010.
[29]
Y. Zhou, Stochastic Processes Theory (Second Edition) (in Chinese). Beijing, China: Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2006.
[30]
M. K. Simon, Probability Distributions Involving Gaus-sian Random Variables: A Handbook for Engineers and Scientists (1st ed.). The International Series in Engineering and Computer Science. New York, USA: Springer, May 2002.
[31]
A. J. Van Dierendonck and J. J. Spilker Jr., Proposed civil GPS signal at 1176.45 MHz: In-phase/quadrature codes at 10.23 MHz chip rate, in Proceedings of ION Annual Meeting (AM), Cambridge, MA, June 1999, pp. 761-770.
[32]
D. A. Shnidman, The calculation of the probability of detection and the generalized marcum Q-function, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 389-400, Mar. 1989.
[33]
V. U. Zavorotny and A. G. Voronovich, Bistatic radar scattering from an ocean surface in the small-slope ap-proximation, in Proc. IEEE Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp.: Remote Sensing of the System Earth -A Challenge for the 21st Century, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 1999, pp. 2419-2421.
[34]
D. E. Barrick, Relationship between slope probability density function and the physical optics integral in rough surface scattering, Proc. IEEE, vol. 56, no. 10, pp. 1728-1729, 1968.
[35]
A. Camps, N. Rodriguez-Alvarez, E. Valencia, X. Bosch-Lluis, and I. Ramos-Perez, An efficient algorithm to the simulation of delay-Doppler maps of reflected global navigation satellite system signals, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 47, no. 8, pp. 2733-2740, Aug. 2009.
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Rights and permissions
Publication history
Received: 17 September 2012
Accepted: 19 November 2012
Published:
07 February 2013
Issue date: February 2013
Copyright
© The author(s) 2013
Acknowledgements
This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61171070) and the National High-Tech Research and Development Program (863) of China (No. 2011AA120501).
FEEDBACK 
TOP