PANoptosis: a new insight into the mechanism of ischaemia–reperfusion injury

Programmed cell death, which occurs via modes such as apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, is an important mechanism for host defence against pathogens and inflammation-mediated immune responses. Recently, interactions between various types of cell death have gradually been discovered. PANoptosis is a newly discovered mode of programmed cell death that involves apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis and is closely related to many diseases. Ischaemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) is common in patients with blood circulation disorders such as those related to burns, traumatic shock, surgery, organ transplantation, and thrombus. However, the literature on the role of PANoptosis in IRI is limited. Herein, we systematically described the emergence of PANoptosis as a cell death mode, clinical evidence of its occurrence, the molecular mechanisms of PANoptosis, and its role in IRI. This study is expected to provide novel approaches for the prevention and treatment of tissue and organ IRI after severe burns.