Extracellular vesicles in burn injury: roles, mechanisms, and applications

The morbidity and mortality rate from burn injuries is substantial, and patients might suffer irreparable harm from the several pathophysiological processes that severe burns cause, including metabolic alterations, distributive shock, and inflammatory responses. Prevention of infections, reduction of inflammation, alleviation of pain, and regulation of growth factors are all essential components of burn wound care, yet there are still major challenges. Multiple biological activities rely on extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are lipid bilayer vesicles released by a wide range of cell types (including prokaryotes, plant cells, and mammals). Among these processes are immunomodulation, neovascularization, and cell survival. Due to their rich composition, EVs may carry a variety of active substances, including nucleic acids and proteins, and hence play a pivotal role in many subcellular levels during wound healing. In addition, EVs may be found in a variety of burn damage patients' biofluids, making them potential new biomarkers for tracking the efficacy of treatments and making prognoses assumptions. An overview of the biological functions of EVs and the ways in which they alleviate burn injuries is provided in this paper. Additionally, we cover the likelihood of EVs being used in burn wound treatment in the future. This study aims to inspire and direct future comprehensive research on the use of EVs in burn wound healing, introduce a novel treatment for burn wounds, and serve as a resource for anybody interested in using EVs for clinical wound healing.