Basic helix–loop–helix ARNT like 1 regulates the function of immune cells and participates in the development of immune-related diseases

The circadian clock is an internal timekeeper system that regulates biological processes through a central circadian clock and peripheral clocks controlling various genes. Basic helix–loop–helix ARNT-like 1 (BMAL1), also known as aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 1 (ARNTL1), is a key component of the circadian clock. The deletion of BMAL1 alone can abolish the circadian rhythms of the human body. BMAL1 plays a critical role in immune cell function. Dysregulation of BMAL1 is linked to immune-related diseases such as autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and cancer, and vice versa. This review highlights the significant role of BMAL1 in governing immune cells, including their development, differentiation, migration, homing, metabolism, and effector functions. This study also explores how dysregulation of BMAL1 can have far-reaching implications and potentially contribute to the onset of immune-related diseases such as autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, cancer, sepsis, and trauma. Furthermore, this review discusses treatments for immune-related diseases that target BMAL1 disorders. Understanding the impact of BMAL1 on immune function can provide insights into the pathogenesis of immune-related diseases and help in the development of more effective treatment strategies. Targeting BMAL1 has been demonstrated to achieve good efficacy in immune-related diseases, indicating its promising potential as a targetable therapeutic target in these diseases.